Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Question 1

what are the two types of extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

1. plasma
2. interstitial fluid

Question 2

what is the source of sweat and how is that source replenished?

Answer 2

source: ISF
replenished: plasma

Question 3

what effect can excessive sweating have on blood pressure? why?

Answer 3

effect: decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. when we sweat a lot, we drain from interstitial, which drains from plasma.

Question 4

why does excessive sweating cause loss of consciousness (fainting)?

Answer 4

low blood volume to the brain –> not enough O2 and glucose delivered to maintain conscious and subconscious neurological activity

Question 5

heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke that can shut down sweating. why?

Answer 5

lose nervous stimulation of sweat glands and sweating stops. without sweating, we lose the cooling effect. a body temp can raise high enough to disrupt all cellular activity

Question 6

what other functions are lost when you lose subconscious neurological function?

Answer 6

all cellular activity

Question 7

what effect does increased heat (105-108 F) have on thermal energy and why does heat disrupt cellular activity?

Answer 7

by increasing thermal energy, the cells rattle more, and chemical bonds are disrupted

Question 8

what are the four types of diabetes?

Answer 8

T1D
T2D
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus

Question 9

there are four types of diabetes. what are the similarities and differences?

Answer 9

similarities: excessive thirst due to body flushing out glucose in excessive urination

Question 10

what is one of the major symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 10

excessive thirst due to body flushing out glucose in excessive urination

Question 11

why does diabetes cause massive fluid loss?

Answer 11

body flushing out glucose in excessive urination

Question 12

what effect does ADH have on the kidneys and circulatory system?

Answer 12

decreased urine production. by shrinking the vessel tho, it makes urine easier to pump.

Question 13

which types of diabetes does increased age and excessive weight increase the risk of onset?

Answer 13

T2D, and gestational (which is a form of type 2)

Question 14

what is the difference between risk vs cause?

Answer 14

risk: impacts likelihood of developing the disease

cause: directly impacts pathology

Question 15

what is a polymorphism/

Answer 15

a different version of a gene

Question 16

what does a fasting blood glucose test indicate?

Answer 16

blood glucose levels unaffected by food

Question 17

what is a glucose tolerance test and why is it given? aka what is it actually testing for?

Answer 17

how: drink glucose, monitor how well body clears/tolerates glucose

what: indirect test of insulin response

Question 18

why does glycation refer to?

Answer 18

non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin

Question 19

why is it significant that an enzyme is not involved in a glycation reaction?

Answer 19

random event where glucose hits and sticks. in a glycation reaction, you’re not increasing enzyme or substrate, so there is a direct correlation between the level of blood glucose and level of Hb-glucose

Question 20

what is Hb and what does each letter and the number in A1C stand for?

Answer 20

hemoglobin

Question 21

why is there a fetal and adult form of Hb?

Answer 21

fetus takes oxygen from mom’s blood, and there is a lower concentration of oxygen than in breathing air.

Question 22

what does a hemoglobin A1C test tell the endocrinologist?

Answer 22

glycation rate. relative level of blood glucose over 2-3 months.

Question 23

T1D is caused by what?

Answer 23

the immune system destroying insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells

Question 24

what do HLA molecules do? (2)

Answer 24

1. bind peptide antigens
2. display them on the surface of your cells for the immune system to see

Question 25

what level are diabetics routinely monitoring?

Answer 25

Hb A1C levels

Question 26

what is HbA1C?

Answer 26

the adult form of hemoglobin that has glucose attached via a glycation reaction

Question 27

what does an A1C test NOT measure?

Answer 27

blood glucose levels

Question 28

glycation process was originally discovered on ….

Answer 28

beta-hemoglobin but can occur on many other proteins

Question 29

glycation of proteins ….

Answer 29

alters their structure that can alter functional properties

Question 30

rodent studies indicate glycation may form what?

Answer 30

neurotoxins

Question 31

glycation _____ the normal function of many different proteins

Answer 31

disrupts

Question 32

glycation disrupts…

Answer 32

the normal function of many different proteins

Question 33

glycated beta-amyloid protein is nearly 3X higher in Alzheimer’s patients: cause or risk?

Answer 33

risk

Question 34

what role does Hb play in Hb A1C test?

Answer 34

marker to see what glucose is doing. Hb is an oxygen binding protein