Chapter 1 Lecture Slides Flashcards
what are the two types of extracellular fluid?
- plasma
- interstitial fluid
what is the source of sweat and how is that source replenished?
source: ISF
replenished: plasma
what effect can excessive sweating have on blood pressure? why?
effect: decrease blood pressure by decreasing blood volume. when we sweat a lot, we drain from interstitial, which drains from plasma.
why does excessive sweating cause loss of consciousness (fainting)?
low blood volume to the brain –> not enough O2 and glucose delivered to maintain conscious and subconscious neurological activity
heat exhaustion can progress to heat stroke that can shut down sweating. why?
lose nervous stimulation of sweat glands and sweating stops. without sweating, we lose the cooling effect. a body temp can raise high enough to disrupt all cellular activity
what other functions are lost when you lose subconscious neurological function?
all cellular activity
what effect does increased heat (105-108 F) have on thermal energy and why does heat disrupt cellular activity?
by increasing thermal energy, the cells rattle more, and chemical bonds are disrupted
what are the four types of diabetes?
T1D
T2D
Gestational diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
there are four types of diabetes. what are the similarities and differences?
similarities: excessive thirst due to body flushing out glucose in excessive urination
what is one of the major symptoms of diabetes?
excessive thirst due to body flushing out glucose in excessive urination
why does diabetes cause massive fluid loss?
body flushing out glucose in excessive urination
what effect does ADH have on the kidneys and circulatory system?
decreased urine production. by shrinking the vessel tho, it makes urine easier to pump.
which types of diabetes does increased age and excessive weight increase the risk of onset?
T2D, and gestational (which is a form of type 2)
what is the difference between risk vs cause?
risk: impacts likelihood of developing the disease
cause: directly impacts pathology
what is a polymorphism/
a different version of a gene
what does a fasting blood glucose test indicate?
blood glucose levels unaffected by food
what is a glucose tolerance test and why is it given? aka what is it actually testing for?
how: drink glucose, monitor how well body clears/tolerates glucose
what: indirect test of insulin response
why does glycation refer to?
non-enzymatic addition of glucose to hemoglobin
why is it significant that an enzyme is not involved in a glycation reaction?
random event where glucose hits and sticks. in a glycation reaction, you’re not increasing enzyme or substrate, so there is a direct correlation between the level of blood glucose and level of Hb-glucose
what is Hb and what does each letter and the number in A1C stand for?
hemoglobin
why is there a fetal and adult form of Hb?
fetus takes oxygen from mom’s blood, and there is a lower concentration of oxygen than in breathing air.
what does a hemoglobin A1C test tell the endocrinologist?
glycation rate. relative level of blood glucose over 2-3 months.
T1D is caused by what?
the immune system destroying insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells
what do HLA molecules do? (2)
- bind peptide antigens
- display them on the surface of your cells for the immune system to see
