Chapter 1 - Public Speaking, A Long Tradition

Question 1

Sophists

Answer 1

1) Itinerant teachers who traveled from a city-state to city-state in classical Greece, training people in public speaking
2) Gorgias - linear realtionship between audience and speaker
3) Protagoras - taught students to learn arguments for and against opinons

Question 2

Isocrates

Answer 2

1) good speakers were learned in a variety of subjects
2) has ethical and moral standards
3) Only constraint to to good speeches is kairos–timing and recognition of the needs of the occasion.

Question 3

Plato

Answer 3

1) opposed sophist views
2) rhetoric as flattery, persuasion
3) philosophy as search for truth

Question 4

Aristotle’s Three Types of Knowledge

Answer 4

1) three types of knowledge
techne- experiential (least reliable)
Episteme - universal knowledge, from ed/exploration
Intermediate - what is intuitively corrrect
2) Saw much more use for speech in civil society than plato

Question 5

Aristotle’s Four Functions of Rhetoric

Answer 5

1) Uphold truth and justice - in courtroom, leg, etc. truth must be advocated for to win out
2) Teaching to an audience - classroom.
3) analyzing both sides of a question - jury, voting. (sim to protagoras)
4) defending oneself - disagreement
Rhetoric as imp tools for civic society

Question 6

Aristotle’s Components of Persuasion / artistic proof

Answer 6

1) ethos - credibility - intellectual, moral , social
good sense - knowledgeable
good moral character - honest and trustorthy
good will - speaker respects and cares
2) Logos - logical or rational appeal
message, content, structure, style
3) Pathos - emotional appeal
values, interests, feelings
4) created for the occasion
5) ethos, logos, and pathos refer to speaker, message, and audience and interact with one another to form the message

Question 7

Aristotle’s Three Virtues of Style

Answer 7

1) Clarity - ability of the speakers to clearly articulate what they wish to say, simple and direct sentences
2) Correctness - accuracy of the information presented and the honest representation of the speaker (tied to ethics)
3) Propriety - Good behavior and faithfulness to what one considers moral and just (encompasses clarity and correctness)

Question 8

Cicero

Answer 8

1) valued all uses of rhetoric (Unlike Quintilian)

2) Five Canons of Rhetoric - broke speech down into components

Question 9

Inartistic Proof (Aristotle)

Answer 9

1) all the evidence, data, and documents that exist outside of the speaker and the audience, but can still aid in persuasion (no ethos, logos or pathos - artistic proof)

Question 10

Cicero’s Five Canon’s of Rhetoric

Answer 10

1) Invention - selecting and performing an investigative research on a given topic
2) Arrangement - process of devising an effective structure, or arrangement for the speech
3) Style - designing specifics of the speech, including word choice, sentence structure, and possible presentation aids to convey a message
4) Memory - learning your material well enough to be able to move on to be able to deliver the speech without extensive use of notes
5) Delivery - the manner with which a speaker physically and vocally presents the speech

Question 11

Invention (Cicero’s First Canon)

Answer 11

1) selecting and performing an investigative research on a given topic
2) narrowing possibilities into a specific purpos
3) apply certain topoi (themes) to the subject

Question 12

Arrangement (Cicero’s Second Canon)

Answer 12

1) process of devising an effective structure, or arrangement for the speech
2) Two parts
a) overall structure
b) organization of argument
3) info speech –> intro, body, conclusion

Question 13

Style (Cicero’s Third Canon)

Answer 13

1) designing specifics of the speech, including word choice, sentence structure, and possible presentation aids to convey a message
2) generally should posses four virtues of language
- clarity
- correctness (grammatically and rhetorically)
- vividness (aestthetic quality, figures of speech)
- Appropriateness ( aptly fit to subject matter)

Question 14

Memory (Cicero’s Fourth Canon)

Answer 14

1) learning your material well enough to be able to move on to be able to deliver the speech without extensive use of notes
2) only requires memorization if used in formal style
3) if extemporaneous - attention getter, thesis, and conclusion should be memorized

Question 15

Delivery (Cicero’s Fifth Canon)

Answer 15

1) the manner with which a speaker physically and vocally presents the speech
2) see chp 4

Question 16

Quintilian Rhetoric

Answer 16

1) focused on epideictic address (focuses on praise or blame)
2) Defined rhetoric as “the art of speaking well”
3) only useful as applied to pracitcla and public affairs
4) Five principle duties for any speaker
- defend the truth
- protect the innocent
- prevent criminal behavior
- inspire the military
- inspre the public
5) outgrowth of Aristotle’s four functions of rhetoric

Question 17

Linear Model of Communication (Shannon-Weaver)

Answer 17

1) Sender - person who desires to deliver a message to another person of group using a symbol system (usually language)
2) Encoding - process of attaching symbols to ideas and feelings so that others may understand them
3) Message –> actual content sent to an audience (intentional and unintentional)
4) Channel - the mode through which the message is conveyed to another party
5) Noise - anything that interferes with this encoding, transmission , or reception of the message
6) Receiver - person(s) who receive the encoded message sent by the sender
7) decoding - process of taking a sent message and using one’s own experience and knowledge to give it meaning
8) A sender encodes a message and send it through a channel where it competes with distracting forces called noise on its way to a receiver who then decodes the message
9) p.16

Question 18

Transactional Model of Communication

Answer 18

1) recognizes that we simultaneously send and receive messages; a cyclical model of the communication process
2) adds eighth component to linear model: feedback
- the responses and reactions to the messages transmitted by the new sender; is itself a new message sent back to the original sender
3) Communication as ongoing process

Question 19

Civic Engagement

Answer 19

1) example of public speaking’s use

2) acting upon a sharp awareness of one’s own sense of responsibility to one’s community

Question 20

Active Listening

Answer 20

1) Sensing - hearing, seeing
2) Attending - focusing, keying
3) Understanding - decoding meaning

Question 21

Types of Conclusions

Answer 21

1) crescendo - big finish
2) diminsih - fade
3) circular - revisit intro

Question 22

Types of Speech Body

Answer 22

1) chronological
2) Spatial - geo
3) Causal
4) Topical

Question 23

Rhetoric (DEF)

Answer 23

1) The art and study of human discourse for the purpose of adducing useful precepts for future discourse
2) Def by James J. Murphy and used by Shubb in Lecture