Chapter 1 pt.3 Flashcards
What is the Psychoanalytic Theory
(Freud)
based on the belief that psychological problems come from unconscious conflicts, which can be traced to childhood
What is the Pleasure Principle (primary thinking) and what is the Reality Principle (secondary thinking)
Pleasure Principle: the governing principle of the Id (demanding immediate gratification)
Reality Principle: the governing principle of the ego (considering what is socially acceptable)
What is the difference between “Repression” and “Regression”
repression = when the person is unaware that they are doing something bad
regression = the return of a behaviour that is only supposed to happen in early stages of life (eg.biting nails = putting things in mouth)
What is a “conditioned response”
when someone/something “learns” an acquired response to a previously neutral stimuli (eg. a dog salivating when he hears a bell ring)
What is an “conditioned stimulus”
a previously neutral stimulus that now causes a conditioned response (the bell)
What is an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
unconditioned stimulus: a stimulus that doesn’t need conditioning to get the same response (eg. the food)
unconditioned response: salivation for food (didn’t have to learn to do that)
What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Reinforcers
Primary = influence behaviour because they satisfy basic needs (eg.food water), we don’t need to learn that we want them
Secondary = reinforcers we eventually learn to want (eg.money)
What did Albert Ellis believe about “troubling events”
That its not the troubling events themselves that lead to depression/anxiety/disturbed behaviour, tis the beliefs we have about them
eg. getting fired from a job - the beliefs about getting fired is what makes us upset, not the actual getting fired
Explain Albert Eliss’s “ABC Approach)
Activating Events
Consequences
Beliefs
ex. being fired is an Activating event, the Consequence is a behavioural response (feeling sad), and both of these things are mediated by the Beliefs of the person (getting fired is a bad thing)
What did Aaron Beck believe about depression
that it results from “cognitive errors”
eg.like judging yourself entirely on your flaws and failure and interpreting events in a negative way
What major model of therapy did Aaron Beck develop
Cognitive Therapy
What are Aaron Becks “4 cognitive errors”
- Selective Abstraction (people focus on the negative)
- Overgeneralization (eg.seeing the future as hopeless)
- Magnification (eg.failing one test makes the student think their life is ruined)
- Absolutist Thinking (Seeing the world as black and white, good or bad no in between)
Who coined the theory “Social-cognitive Theory”
Albert Bandura
What is the Social Cognitive Theory
a theory that emphasizes both situational determinants of behaviour (punishment/reinforcement) and cognitive factors (expectancies, values, beliefs, attitudes, etc)
What is Reciprocal Determinism
how a persons behaviour is and is influenced by the persons personal factors and environmental factors
