Chapter 1: Psychology Flashcards
It is the scientific study of how people behave, think, and feel.
Psychology
A branch of Science that includes topics, such as how the brain works, how our memory is organized, how people interact in groups, and how children learn about the world.
Psychology
It is defined as “of relating to, being, or involving conscious intellectual activity, such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering.
Cognitive
He was a Swiss clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development.
Jean Piaget
It is a comprehensive theory about the development of human intelligence.
Theory of Cognitive Development
He believes that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience inconsistencies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, and then adjust their ideas accordingly.
Jean Piaget
Piaget claims it to be at the center of the human organism.
Cognitive Development
What are the three basic components to Piaget’s cognitive theory?
- Schemas/Schemes
- Adaptation
- Stages of Cognitive Development
These are the building blocks of knowledge and mental organizations that individuals use to understand their environments and designate action.
Schemas/Schemes
It involves the child’s learning processes to meet situational demands.
Adaptation
They reflect the increasing sophistication of the child’s thought process.
Stages of cognitive development
It is the application of previous concepts to new concepts.
Assimilation
It happens when people encounter completely new information or when existing ideas are challenged.
Accommodation
A theory which states that children progress through four stages and that they all do so in the same order.
Stages of Cognitive Development
By this stage and age, the child learns by doing: looking, touching, sucking. The child also has a primitive understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Object permanence appears around 9 months.
Sensorimotor, Age 0-2
By this stage, the child uses language and symbols, including letters and numbers. Egocentrism is also evident. Conservation marks the end of the preoperational stage and the beginning of concrete operations.
Preoperational, Age 2-7
By this stage, the child demonstrates conservation, reversibility, serial ordering, and a mature understanding of cause-and-effect relationship. Thinking at this stage is still concrete.
Concrete operations, Age 7-11
By this stage, the individual demonstrates abstract thinking is still concrete.
Formal operations, Age 12+
A psychologist, author, and professor, who detailed the emergence of self-concept and asserted that the broad developmental changes observed across early childhood, later childhood, and adolescence could be interpreted within a Piagetian framework.
Dr. Susan Harter
The child describes the “self” in terms of concrete, observable characteristics, such as physical attributes, material possessions, behaviors, and preferences.
Early childhood
The child is described in terms of trait-like constructs that would require the type of hierarchical organizational skills characteristics of logical thought development.
Middle to later childhood
This is the emergence of more abstract self-definitions, such as inner thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and motives.
Adolescence
The age of possibilities which was found to be a time of “grand dreams,” of being wealthy and having a glamorous occupation.
Emerging adults
He was a philosopher, psychologist, and university professor known as “the father of American psychology” and gave one of the earliest self-theory psychological analyses.
William James
It is an element of self that is the pure ego and the subjective self.
I-self
It is the “self” that is aware of its own actions.
I-self
