Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
What is Hindsight Bias?
Leads us to think that we could have predicted events that we actually could not have predicted People are not always as good at predicting outcomes as they like to think they are
Define Psychology
The scientific study of mind and behavior. Comes from Greek words “psyche” (life) and “logos” (explanation)
Define Scientific Method
The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research Psychologists use it to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
- Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Method 4. Results 5. Conclusion
Define Empirical
Data that can be replicated and proven using the scientific method It is all FACTS and FIGURES
What are Levels of Explanation?
The perspectives that are used to understand behavior
What are Lower Levels of Explanation?
They are tied to biological influences Ex: genes, neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones
What are Middle Levels of Explanation?
Refers to the abilities and characteristics of individual people
What are Higher Levels of Explanation?
Relates to social groups, organizations, and cultures
Define Multiply Determined
Produced by many factors(many Levels of Explanation) One reason it is hard to predict behavior, and applies to almost all behavior
What is Structuralism?
A school of psychology that uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experiences Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B. Tichener
What is Functionalism?
A school of psychology that attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess Led to the field of Evolutionary Psychology Bases ideas on the work of Darwin
What is Psychodynamic?
A school of psychology that focuses on unconscious drives and the potential to improve lives through psychoanalysis and psychotherapy Sigmund Freud
What is Behavioralism?
A school of psychology that explain behavior in terms of stimulus, response, and reinforcement while denying the presence of free will
What is Cognitive Psychology?
The school of psychology that studies how people perceive, process, and remember information
What is Social-Cultural Psychology?
A school of psychology that focuses on the social situation, including how cultures and social norms influence our behavior
What are 4 basic questions asked by psychologists?
- Nature vs Nurture? 2. Free Will vs Determinism? 3. Accuracy vs Inaccuracy? 4. Conscious vs Unconscious Processing
What is the question in Nature vs Nurture?
Are genes or environment most influential in determining the behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people Nature - our biological makeup Nurture - the experiences we have
What is the question in Free Will vs Determinism?
Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in? Concerns the extent to which people have control over their own actions
What is the question in Accuracy vs Inaccuracy?
To what extent are humans good information processors?
What is the question in Conscious vs Unconscious Processing?
To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not aware of?
reverse
The scientific study of mind and behavior. Comes from Greek words “psyche” (life) and “logos” (explanation)
Define Psychology
reverse
Leads us to think that we could have predicted events that we actually could not have predicted People are not always as good at predicting outcomes as they like to think they are
What is Hindsight Bias?
reverse
The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to conduct empirical research Psychologists use it to collect, analyze, and interpret evidence
Define Scientific Method
reverse
- Question 2. Hypothesis 3. Method 4. Results 5. Conclusion
What are the steps of the Scientific Method?
reverse
Data that can be replicated and proven using the scientific method It is all FACTS and FIGURES
Define Empirical
reverse
The perspectives that are used to understand behavior
What are Levels of Explanation?
reverse
They are tied to biological influences Ex: genes, neurons, neurotransmitters, and hormones
What are Lower Levels of Explanation?
reverse
Refers to the abilities and characteristics of individual people
What are Middle Levels of Explanation?
reverse
Relates to social groups, organizations, and cultures
What are Higher Levels of Explanation?
reverse
Produced by many factors(many Levels of Explanation) One reason it is hard to predict behavior, and applies to almost all behavior
Define Multiply Determined
reverse
A school of psychology that uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or “structures” of psychological experiences Wilhelm Wundt, Edward B. Tichener
What is Structuralism?
reverse
A school of psychology that attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess Led to the field of Evolutionary Psychology Bases ideas on the work of Darwin
What is Functionalism?
reverse
A school of psychology that focuses on unconscious drives and the potential to improve lives through psychoanalysis and psychotherapy Sigmund Freud
What is Psychodynamic?
reverse
A school of psychology that explain behavior in terms of stimulus, response, and reinforcement while denying the presence of free will
What is Behavioralism?
reverse
The school of psychology that studies how people perceive, process, and remember information
What is Cognitive Psychology?
reverse
A school of psychology that focuses on the social situation, including how cultures and social norms influence our behavior
What is Social-Cultural Psychology?
reverse
- Nature vs Nurture? 2. Free Will vs Determinism? 3. Accuracy vs Inaccuracy? 4. Conscious vs Unconscious Processing
What are 4 basic questions asked by psychologists?
reverse
Are genes or environment most influential in determining the behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people Nature - our biological makeup Nurture - the experiences we have
What is the question in Nature vs Nurture?
reverse
Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in? Concerns the extent to which people have control over their own actions
What is the question in Free Will vs Determinism?
reverse
To what extent are humans good information processors?
What is the question in Accuracy vs Inaccuracy?
reverse
To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not aware of?
What is the question in Conscious vs Unconscious Processing?
