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Radiographic Procedures > Chapter 1 - Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is the responsibility of the radiographer?

A

The patient, always the patient

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2
Q

What are the ARRT code of ethics?

A

A set of aspirational guidelines

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3
Q

What are the ARRT rules of ethics?

A

Mandatory & enforceable standards

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4
Q

What are administrative procedures?

A

Provide for the structure and operation of the ethics committee

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5
Q

What is ARRT standard of ethics #4?

A

Rad tech practices technology founded upon theoretical knowledge and concepts, uses equipment and accessories consistent with the purposes for which they were designed and employs procedures and techniques appropriately

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6
Q

What is the duty of the radiographer?

A

Provide optimal radiographs so that the radiologist can make a proper diagnosis

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7
Q

What are the radiography imaging systems?

A
  • Film screen system
  • Digital system
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8
Q

What are the two types of Digital Systems?

A
  • Computed Radiographer (CR)
  • Direct Radiography (DR)
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9
Q

How does a Film Screen System work?

A

Uses a cassette which contains an intensifying screen and x-ray film

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10
Q

How is film screen film developed?

A

Using a film processor and seen on a viewbox

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11
Q

How does a computed radiography system work?

A

Special cassette that contains and imaging plate coated with phosphors is inserted into a reader device and then viewed on a computer monitor

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12
Q

How does a direct radiography system work?

A

Flat panel system built into the table, no bucky tray or cassette, and image viewed immediately

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13
Q

What is an image receptor?

A

Device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part

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14
Q

What are the types of image receptors?

A
  • cassette with film (rare)
  • photostimulable storage phosphor image plate (CR)
  • solid state digital detectors (DR)
  • portable digital radiography
  • fluoroscopic image receptor
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15
Q

What does a cassette with film contain?

A

An intensifying screen that emits light when struck by x-rays and imprints the x-ray image on the film

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16
Q

Where is cassette film developed and viewed?

A

In a darkroom and viewed on a viewbox/illuminator

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17
Q

How does a photostimulable storage phosphor image plate work?

A

Similar to a conventional intensifying screen, contains special phosphors to store much of the x-ray energy it receives for later processing. The x-ray energy pattern emits light which develops the image.

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18
Q

How is the image photostimulable storage image plate read?

A

Inserted into a CR reader device that scans the plate with later and converts it to digital format

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19
Q

How does a solid-state digital detector system work?

A

Uses a flat panel IR to convert x-ray energy into a digital signal

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20
Q

What are the features of solid state digital detector Type 1?

A

Built into the table or upright wall unit

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21
Q

What are the features of solid state digital detector Type 2a?

A

Housed in a cassette-like portable enclosure and wirelessly connected to the digital imaging system computer

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22
Q

What are the features of solid state digital detector Type 2b?

A

Housed in a cassette-like portable enclosure and wired to the digital imaging system computer

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23
Q

What are the capabilities of portable digital radiography?

A

Have direct digital capabilities where the image is immediately available

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24
Q

What type of detector do portable digital devices have and how does it work?

A

Flat panel detector similar to DR table bucky which is connected to a portable unit by a cord or wirelessly

25
Q

How does a Fluoroscopic image receptor work?

A

Designed for “real-time” imaging to guide procedures or capture full motion videos

26
Q

What are the features of a fluoroscopic image receptor?

A
  • conventional image intensifier coupled to a camera and monitor
  • solid state flat panel detector that transmits the image
27
Q

What is collimation?

A

A form of x-ray protection in which the field size is narrowed only to the area of interest

28
Q

What does more collimation indicate?

A

A smaller field size, which means better detail on the image

29
Q

What are the two purposes of collimation?

A
  • Minimizes patient exposure
  • Reduces scatter radiation which reduces the adverse effect on contrast
30
Q

What violates the ARRT code of ethics and ASRT Practice standards when it comes to collimation?

A

Collimating larger than the required radiation field size

31
Q

What should be avoided when collimating?

A

Collimated larger than necessary and then cropping the image in post-production

32
Q

What happens if the patient is over exposed due to larger collimation?

A

RT may be liable

33
Q

How is the field size affected by increased collimation?

A

Field size is smaller

34
Q

How is the field size affected by decreased collimation?

A

Field size is larger

35
Q

What general practices should be followed when placing a cassette?

A
  • Both joints should be on the image for extremities
  • IR should be sized to be just large enough for the part of interest
  • Point of interest should be placed as close to IR as possible
36
Q

What are the 4 placements for IR cassettes?

A
  • Lengthwise
  • Crosswise
  • Diagonal
  • Multiple images on one cassette
37
Q

What is a radiograph?

A

The image recorded by exposing any of the image receptors to x-rays

38
Q

What is information obtained from a radiograph?

A

The presence or absence of abnormalities or trauma, to assist in diagnosis/treatment

39
Q

What is determined from a radiograph after evaluation by the radiographer?

A
  • Acceptability of image features
  • Proper radiation safety factors
  • Whether imaging objectives have been met
40
Q

What are additional image evaluation criteria to be considered by a radiographer?

A
  • presence of patient identification
  • presence of radiographic markers
  • proper collimation
  • evidence of proper shielding
  • absence of artifacts
41
Q

What does image evaluation require?

A

An understanding of the anatomy, image geometry, image display characteristics and appearance of pathology

42
Q

What identification should be included on a radiograph?

A
  • Date of exam
  • Patient’s name or ID #
  • R/L side markers
  • Institution identity
43
Q

What do radiographic markers indicate?

A

The right or left side of a patient

44
Q

What are the basic rules of anatomic markers?

A
  • R/L markers on all radiographs
  • Marker should not obscure anatomy
  • Placed in the exposure field at the edge of collimation
  • Placed outside of lead shielding
45
Q

What are the 4 essentials of a radiograph?

A
  • Density
  • Contrast
  • Recorded Detail
  • Distortion
46
Q

What is density?

A

Degree of image blackening (controlled by mAs)

47
Q

What is contrast?

A

Difference between adjacent densities (controlled by kVp)

48
Q

What is recorded detail?

A

Ability to visualize small structures

49
Q

What is distortion?

A

Misrepresentation of the size/shape of the body part

50
Q

What are department protocols?

A

Routine or series of radiographs designated by the department, usually at the radiologists request

51
Q

What are examples of department protocol for lumbar spine?

A

AP, RPO, LPO, Lateral and Lateral L5-S1 spot

52
Q

What are the three classifications of patients?

A
  • Outpatients
  • In patients
  • Emergency Room patients
53
Q

What are classifications of outpatients?

A
  • Walkie talkie patients
  • Non walkie talkie (nursing home, or disabled)
54
Q

What are classifications of inpatients?

A

Typically in a wheelchair or stretcher

55
Q

What are classifications of emergency room patients?

A
  • Walkie talkie
  • wheelchair or stretcher
56
Q

What are different types of patients by age?

A
  • Newborn, infants and children under 6
  • Adolescents
  • Adults
  • Elderly (Well elderly or Frail elderly)
57
Q

What are key features of patient communication?

A
  • Clinical history taking
  • Explanation of exam
  • Instructions before, during and after an exam
58
Q

What are features of patient prep?

A
  • Changing into proper attire for the exam (gown, shields, etc)
  • Removal of radiopaque objects (jewelry, metal objects)

Radiographic Procedures (9 decks)

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