Chapter 1 Definitions

Question 1

Dependent Variable

Answer 1

The property that is measured in the research.

MEASURES THE EFFECT OF THE IV.

Question 2

Extraneous Variable

Answer 2

Variable other than the IV that could cause undesirable changes to the DV.

Question 3

Controlled Variable

Answer 3

When potential effects of the EV have been removed.

Question 4

Confounding Variable

Answer 4

Variable other than the IV that has a systematic effect on the DV.

RESEARCH IS A WASTE OF TIME IF IT IS PRESENT.

Question 5

Convenience sample.

Answer 5

Using any person ‘conveniently’ available as part of the sample - are essentially biased and unreliable.

Question 6

Representative Sample

Answer 6

When the sample represent that population, so that the results/conclusions can be generalised to the wider population.

Question 7

Random sampling

Answer 7

Sampling procedure in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 8

Stratified sampling

Answer 8

When the effects of a certain variable can be eliminated as a possible confound in an experiment.

Question 9

Random allocation

Answer 9

When all participants in an experiment have an equal chance of being in the E/C-group.

Question 10

Repeated measures

Answer 10

Each participant is in the E/C-group.

Question 11

Matched participants

Answer 11

Attempts to eliminate confounding variables by “matching” participants in E and C-group based on key characteristics.

Question 12

Independent groups

Answer 12

Allocates participant to E/C-group randomly.

Question 13

Order effect

Answer 13

Type of confounding variable (Eg. Practice, fatigue, boredom etc.).

Question 14

Placebo effect

Answer 14

When participants’ behavior is influenced by their expectations of how they should behave (caused by a placebo).

Question 15

Single-bling procedure

Answer 15

Participants don’t know if they are in the E/C-group.

Question 16

Experimenter effect

Answer 16

When the outcome of an experiment is unintentionally (or intentionally) affected by the experimenter.

Question 17

Double-blind procedure

Answer 17

No one knows who is in E/C-group.

Question 18

Descriptive statistics

Answer 18

Tell us about the “shape” of the data set.

NO CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRAWN.

Question 19

Inferential statistics

Answer 19

Statistical procedures that allow researchers to decide whether changes in the IV have cause changes in the value of the DV.

Question 20

P-value.

Answer 20

Probability that the difference in results is due to chance.

Question 21

List the participants’ rights in research

Answer 21

Confidentiality
Voluntary participation
Withdrawal rights
Informed consent
Deception
Debriefing

Question 22

Independent Variable

Answer 22

Variable that is deliberately manipulated or varied in some way by the experimenter.