Chapter 1 and 2 - Cellular adaptations and Cell injury

Question 1

What are the cellular mechanisms that result in atrophy?

Answer 1

Increased cytoskeleton degradation

Decreased protein synthesis (both result in smaller cell size)

Apoptosis (results in fewer cells)

Question 2

2 pathologic processes that usually precede dysplasia

Answer 2

Persistent metaplasia and pathologic hyperplasia

Question 3

What are the 2 main differences between mild dysplasia and severe dysplasia?

Answer 3

Mild/moderate dysplasia: reversible, only involves part of the epithelium; severe dysplasia: irreversible, progresses to carcinoma in situ

Question 4

What are the 2 main differences between mild dysplasia and severe dysplasia?

Answer 4

Mild/moderate dysplasia: reversible, only involves part of the epithelium; severe dysplasia: irreversible, progresses to carcinoma in situ

Question 5

A longtime smoker reports chronic expectoration of phlegm and chest congestion. What cellular adaptation response is the most likely cause?

Answer 5

Metaplasia; ciliated columnar epithelium has been replaced by stratified squamous epithelium due to recurrent exposure to cigarette smoke

Question 6

What is a type of metaplasia that can occur after trauma?

Answer 6

Myositis ossificans (bone formation within muscular tissue)

Question 7

Reversible Cell Injury: features

Answer 7

↓ ATP → ↓activity of Ca2+and Na+/K+pumps → cellular swelling (earliest morphologic manifestation), mitochondrial swelling

Ribosomal/polysomal detachment→ ↓protein synthesis

Plasma membrane Blebbing

Chromatin clumping

Rapid loss of function

Myelin figures (aggregation of peroxidized lipids)

Question 8

Irreversible Cell Injury: features - 1

Answer 8

Breakdown of plasma membrane → cytosolic enzymes (eg, troponin) leak outside of cell, influx of Ca2+ → activation of degradative enzymes

Question 9

Irreversible Cell Injury: features - 2

Answer 9

Mitochondrial damage/dysfunction → loss of electron transport chain → ↓ ATP

Cytoplasmic vacuolization accompanies programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Rupture of lysosomes → autolysis

Question 10

Irreversible Cell Injury: features - 3

Answer 10

Nuclear degradation: pyknosis (nuclear condensation) →
karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation caused by endonuclease-mediated cleavage) → karyolysis (nuclear dissolution)

Amorphous densities/inclusions in mitochondria