Chapter 1

Question 1

Definition of Virtual Reality

Answer 1

induce a target behavior in an organism by using artificial sensory stimulation while organism has little or no awareness of interference

Question 2

four components of VR

Answer 2

targeted behavior, organism, artificial sensory stimulation, awareness

Question 3

targeted behavior

Answer 3

an organism having an experience designed by the creator

Question 4

an organism

Answer 4

life form

Question 5

artificial sensory stimulation

Answer 5

one or more senses of organism hijacked and ordinary inputs are replaced by artificial stimulation

Question 6

awareness

Answer 6

organism seems unaware of interference - fooled into feeling present in virtual world and accepted as being natural

Question 7

when exploring an environment, what neural structures (cells) are formed (even when having VR experience)

Answer 7

place cells and grid cells

Question 8

place cells

Answer 8

encode spatial information about surroundings. is activated when organism returns to a particular location

Question 9

grid cells

Answer 9

encode locations similar to cartesian coordinates

Question 10

oldest instance of being fooled

Answer 10

allegory of the cave from plato

Question 11

two types of perceived environments in vr

Answer 11

captured real world and synthetic

Question 12

augmented reality refers to

Answer 12

systems where most visual stimuli are propagated directly through glass and additional structures appear to be superimpose on the user world

Question 13

mixed reality

Answer 13

entire spectrum of vr, ar, and normal reality

Question 14

telepresence

Answer 14

systems that enable users to feel like they are somewhere else in the real world

Question 15

teleoperation

Answer 15

if users are able to control anything

Question 16

perceptual engineering

Answer 16

perception of reality has been altered through engineering rather than environment makes them believe they are in seems more real or virtual

Question 17

closed loop versus open loop interaction

Answer 17

closed allows actions taken by organism (partial control) but open loop does not

Question 18

synthetic world

Answer 18

invented from geometric primitives and siimulated physics (video games)

Question 19

captured world

Answer 19

world is captured using modern imaging techniques. to much info can be lost when projecting real world on to camera sensor. use depth sensors and SLAM

Question 20

simultaneous localization and mapping techniques

Answer 20

3d representation of surrounding world that is captured and maintained over time but is not accurate and realible

Question 21

avatar

Answer 21

synthetic representation of self

Question 22

uncanney valley

Answer 22

when avatar achieves a high degree of realism so appearance makes users feel uneasy

Question 23

vr sickness influenced by two main factors

Answer 23

human phsyiology and perceptual psychology

Question 24

fatigue arises because

Answer 24

brain works harder to integrate unsual stimuli or interface that requires large amounts of muscular effort (gorilla arms) and inconsistencies can create nausea and dizziness

Question 25

modern vr experiences appear in (9)

Answer 25

video games, immersive cinema, telecommuting to work, virtual societies, empathy, education, museum tours, vr prototyping, health care

Question 26

uses of augmented and mixed reality in real world

Answer 26

factory environment where workers see labels for parts to assemble,

Question 27

seethorugh display versus pass through

Answer 27

see through: users see most real world by looking through trasnparaent material while virtual objects appear on display to disrupt part of view (hololens). pass through (sned image from outward facing camera to standard screen inside headset

Question 28

problems pass through display suffers

Answer 28

latency, optical distortion, colordistortion ,limited dynamic range

Question 29

problems with see through dipslay

Answer 29

achieving hgih reoslution, wide field of view, ability to block incoming light

Question 30

basis for what we call movies or motion pictures

Answer 30

stroboscopic apparent motion

Question 31

how many pictures per second appear continuous

Answer 31

10

Question 32

progression of convenience

Answer 32

having somewhere to go to watch it, watch it in your home, carry it anywhere

Question 33

stereopsis

Answer 33

brains infer the distance of objects from our eyes (difference betwen their images on retina yield cues)

Question 34

sensorama

Answer 34

add motion pictures sound virbbration and smells to experience but viewpoint is fixed with respect to the picture

Question 35

one way to increase the sense of immersion and depth

Answer 35

increase field of view

Question 36

CAVE system

Answer 36

stereoscopic viewing by presenting different images to each eye using polarized light and special glasses

Question 37

ivan sutherlands sword of damocles

Answer 37

first vr headset, images presented on screen are adjusted to compensate so virtual objects appear to be fixed in space (perception of stationarity)

Question 38

perception of stationarity

Answer 38

make an object appear stationary while you move a sense organ , must change output to compensate for the mtoion, require sensors and tracking systems