chapter 1-6 (wk 1-2): bones

Question 1

directional terms

Answer 1

cranial (surface)
caudal (surface)
rostral (surface)
superficial
deep
proximal
distal
dorsal (surface)
ventral (surface)
palmar (surface)
plantar (surface)
medial
lateral
dorsal plane
median plane
sagittal plane
transverse plane
dorsal recumbency
lateral recumbency
oblique recumbency
sternal recumbency

Question 2

regional terms

Answer 2

barrel (trunk)
brisket (sternum)
cannon (bone)
carpus (knee)
fetlock (ankle)
flank
tarsus (hock)
muzzle
pastern
poll
stifle
tailhead
withers

Question 3

word parts

Answer 3

os/osteo (bones)
arthro (joints)
chondro (cartilage)
costo (ribs)

Question 4

bone shapes

Answer 4

flat
irregular
short
long

Question 5

bone types

Answer 5

cancellous
compact

Question 6

general features

Answer 6

articular surfaces
- condyle (connects to bones)
- head (top of long bone and connects to socket)
- facet (flat)
foramen (hole)
fossa (depressions)
process (bumps)

Question 7

long bone features

Answer 7

proximal and distal epiphyses (ends)
epiphyseal plates (line by head)
diaphysis (neck of long bone)

Question 8

joint types

Answer 8

cartilaginous (amphiarthroses; slightly movable)
fibrous (immovable)
synovial (diarthroses; freely movable)

Question 9

axial skeleton: skull

Answer 9

occipital
parietal
temporal - tympanic bulla
frontal
incisive
nasal
maxillary
zygomatic (between maxillary and arch)
zygomatic arch
mandible - mandibular symphysis
turbinates
hyoid (throat under mandible)

Question 10

axial skeleton: other

Answer 10

ribs - costal cartilage (ventral), costochondral junction (fuse in middle), head (attaches to vertebra)
sternum - manubrium (front point), xiphoid (back point)
vertebrae - arch (connects to body), body, processes: articular (between), spinous (sticks up), transverse (sticks down
cervical vertebrae - atlas (C1), axis (C2)
thoracic vertebrae - ribs (T1-T13)
lumbar vertebrae - starts at last rib
sacrum - 3 fused bones
coccygeal - tail bone

Question 11

appendicular skeleton: thoracic limb

Answer 11

scapula - spine (line down middle)
humerus - greater tubercle
radius
ulna - olecranon process (larger bump), anconeal process (point on notch)
carpal bones - accessory carpal bone (top most bone)
metacarpal bones - numbers (knuckles)
phalanges - digits (I-V)

Question 12

pelvic limb

Answer 12

pelvis (os coxae) - acetabulum (depression), ilium (hip bones), ischium (arch toward spine - butt bone), pubis (middle dip of ischium), obturator foramen (hole)
femur - greater trochanter (head), trochlea (between condyles)
patella
fabellae - sesamoids on condyles of femur
tibia - tibial crest (connects to patella)
fibula (smaller bone)
tarsal bones - calcaneus (heel, large upward projection)
metatarsals - 1-5
phalanges - I-V

Question 13

horse

Answer 13

cannon bone
splint bone (split upwards, proximal end)
proximal phalanx (long pastern)
middle phalanx (short pastern)
distal phalanx (coffin bone)
proximal sesamoids
distal sesamoid (navicular bone)

Question 14

hoofed animal (cow)

Answer 14

cannon
proximal phalanx
middle phalanx
distal phalanx
proximal sesamoids
distal sesamoids

Question 15

visceral skeleton

Answer 15

os penis (dogs only, not on specimen)