Chapter 1 & 2

Question 1

Dr. Frank is conducting a study on the differences in colour vision among infants at various stages of development. Dr. Frank’s study would be considered part of the _______ domain of development.

A. Cognitive
B. Maturational
C. Physical
D. Psychosocial

Answer 1

C. Physical

Question 2

Which of the following best illustrates development of an adolescent within the psychosocial domain?

A. Sylvia notices that she’s beginning to grow taller
B. Mark goes on his first date
C. Bill is improving his eye-hand coordination by playing video games
D. Casey exhibits abstract level thinking

Answer 2

B. Mark goes on his first date

The psychosocial domain is about changes in feelings or emotions as well as changes in relations with other people

Question 3

While he was living with his crack-addicted mother, everyone though that Perry inherited her hostile, suspicious personality. However, after being removed to the care of his aunt, he developed into a friendly, trusting person, much like his aunt. Perry’s transformation illustrates the role of which domain?

A. Psychosocial domain
B. Cognitive domain
C. Physical domain
D. Spiritual domain

Answer 3

A. Psychosocial domain

Question 4

Which of the following is not considered an example of the physical domain?

A. Decline in fertility during middle age
B. Making simple drawings in early childhood
C. Learning to read in the school years
D. Experiencing the growth spurt during adolescence

Answer 4

C. Learning to read in the school years

the domain of physical development includes changes in the body itself and how the person uses the body

Question 5

The microsystem level in Urie Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems would include which of the following?

A. Society’s belief that a child is better off with natural parents than with foster parents under most circumstances
B. The judge who grants a social worker’s request that a child be placed in a foster home
C. The marital relationships of the child’s parents
D. The social worker who interviews the child

Answer 5

D. The social worker who interviews the child

The microsystem refers to situations in which the person has face-to-face contact with influential others

Question 6

The government’s decisions concerning abortion would be considered a part of Bronfenbrenner’s ______ level.

A. Exosystem
B. Macrosystem
C. Mesosystem
D. Microsystem

Answer 6

B. Macrosystem

(The macrosystem is the overarching institutions, practices and patterns of belief that characterise society as a whole and take the smaller micro-, macro- and exosystems into account)

Question 7

How did the treatment of infants and young children during the medieval period differ from the way infants and young children are treated today?

A. Medieval children had a much higher status than present day children have
B. There were loser ties between parent and child in medieval times
C. Parents did not become very emotionally invested in their children during medieval times
D. Medieval children were babied and reached maturity at a later age than children do today

Answer 7

C. Parents did not become very emotionally invested in their children during medieval times

Question 8

Damon is expected to begin school when he turns 5 years of age. This is an example of a ________ influence on development.

A. History-graded
B. Age-graded
C. Non-normative
D. Societal

Answer 8

B. Age-graded

Question 9

In psychology class, Lauren is conducting a research project on gender differences in the play patterns of three- and four-year-old girls. Since she has already formulated a research question, her next step should be to __.

A. Select subjects
B. State her question as a hypothesis
C. Request a school’s permission to conduct this study
D. Interpret the results

Answer 9

B. State her question as a hypothesis

Question 10

Professor Hunter is investigating the extent to which children’s physical attractiveness is related to their self-esteem. He does this by having three judges rate the attractiveness of a group of two hundred ten-year-olds and by giving the children a measure of self-esteem. What type of study is he conducting?

A. Case
B. Correlational
C. Cross-sectional
D. Experimental

Answer 10

B. Correlational

Question 11

Suppose you wanted to study the development of religious faith in children by following a group of four-year-olds over a period of twelve years, assessing their religious beliefs each year. You would be conducting a(n) _____ study.

A. Experimental
B. Cross-sectional
C. Longitudinal
D. Sequential

Answer 11

C. Longitudinal

Question 12

In a study examining the effects of pet ownership on boys and girls’ stress levels, the researchers first measured the stress levels of a group of fourth-graders. Then he distributed pet guinea pigs to half the children to take home and then, two months later, he compared the stress levels of those who were given guinea pigs with those who were not. In this study, the independent variable is

A. The children’s age
B. The children’s gender
C. The stress levels of all the children in the group
D. Whether or not they received a hamster

Answer 12

D. Whether or not they received a hamster

Question 13

Dr Lynd is conducting an experimental study to investigate whether solving crossword puzzles improves a person’s long-term memory. In this study, the control group will ____ and the experimental group will ____.

A. Not solve crossword puzzles; solves crossword puzzles
B. Solve crossword puzzles; not solve crossword puzzles
C. Not take memory tests; take memory tests
D. Take memory tests; not take memory tests

Answer 13

A. Not solve crossword puzzles; solves crossword puzzles

Question 14

In a study examining the effects of alcohol on levels of aggression, one group drinks cola, a second group drinks wine, a third group drinks vodka and a fourth group drinks beer. In this study, the control group is the one that drinks:

A. Beer
B. Cola
C. Vodka
D. WIne

Answer 14

B. Cola

Question 15

In order to study the effect that solitary confinement has on prisoners, Dr. Simon asks each of his study participants to spend five hours alone in his psychology lab. One of Dr. Simon’s colleagues points out that being in a psychology lab is not the equivalent of being jailed in solitary confinement. The colleague is questioning the study’s

A. Control
B. Reliability
C. Sample
D. Validity

Answer 15

D. Validity

Question 16

After conducting their research studies, four graduate students compare results. Of these four, which student found the strongest relationship between two variables?

A. Arnie, whose data showed a correlation coefficient of -0.89
B. Beth whose data showed a correlation coefficient of 0.00
C. Cathy, whose data showed a correlation coefficient of -0.50
D. Roy, whose data showed a correlation coefficient of +0.67

Answer 16

A. Arnie, whose data showed a correlation coefficient of -0.89

Question 17

Professor Johnson found a negative correlation between the number of soft drinks pregnant women drink and the birth weights of their children. Professor Johnson can conclude that

A. Soft drink consumption causes higher birth weights
B. Soft drink consumption causes lower birth weights
C. As soft drink consumption increases, birth weight increases
D. As soft drink consumption increases, birth weight decreases

Answer 17

D. As soft drink consumption increases, birth weight decreases

Question 18

In order to investigate the sexual practices of today’s teenagers, Professor Andrews held long face-to-face conversations with forty-five high school students. Professor Andrews used which method to gather data?

A. Experimental study
B. Interview
C. Longitudinal study
D. Survey

Answer 18

B. Interview

Question 19

Dr. Atkins is conducting a study of the perceptual abilities of children who have had one hemisphere of their brains surgically removed in order to relieve a severe epileptic condition. Because he was only able to recruit three research participants, this will be a ____ study.

A. Case
B. Cross-sectional
C. Longitudinal
D. Naturalistic

Answer 19

A. Case

Question 20

As part of an assignment in her psychology class, Linda is conducting a study on the attachment patterns of children and their child-care providers. She has assured parents that their children’s identities will be protected and they will be given the results of the study. In order to have informed consent, what else must Linda do?

A. Assure the parents that participation in the study is voluntary
B. Inform the children of the purposes of the study
C. Invite the parents to sit in on all observations of their children
D. Negotiate a fair payment for the children’s participation

Answer 20

A. Assure the parents that participation in the study is voluntary

Question 21

Of the following, whose theories of development proposed that development proceeds in stages and that the child has an active role in his or her own development?

A. Richard Lerner and Glen Elder
B. Ivan Pavlov and B. F. Skinner
C. Urie Bronfenbrenner and Lev Vygotsky
D. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget

Answer 21

D. Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget

Question 22

Every time six-month-old Basil is hungry, he cries until fed. According to Sigmund Freud, the source of this behaviour is this

A. Ego-ideal
B. Superego
C. Id
D. Ego

Answer 22

C. Id

Question 23

In which of the following situations is the ego responsible for the behaviour?

A. After stealing change form her mother’s purse to buy gum, Melissa felt guilty
B. Brendan become so angry that he punched his younger sister without thinking about the consequences
C. Even though she hadn’t studied and desperately wanted to do well on the test, Elisa did not cheat because she knew that it was wrong to do so
D. When she saw her mother leaving, Dana started to scream, but once she was out of sight, Dana went on playing, realising the futility of crying

Answer 23

D. When she saw her mother leaving, Dana started to scream, but once she was out of sight, Dana went on playing, realising the futility of crying

Question 24

Which component of the personality is characterised as an internalised all-knowing parent?

A. The ego
B. The id
C. The superego
D. The unconscious

Answer 24

C. The Superego

Question 25

The genitals are the focus of pleasure in which psychosexual stages?

A. Oral and anal
B. Anal and genital
C. Genital and phallic
D. Latency and phallic

Answer 25

C. Genital and phallic

Question 26

Dawn is very responsive to her infant daughter Maya’s needs. Consequently, Erikson’s theory predicts that Maya will grow up with a basic sense of trust that will lead her to develop the virtue of

A. Fidelity
B. Competence
C. Hope
D. Will

Answer 26

C. Hope

Question 27

Four-year-old Jimmy has just told his mother that he wants to marry her and that ‘Daddy will have to find another wife.’ His mother responds by saying: ‘You’re a silly little boy to think such thoughts. Go and play with your toys.’ According to Erikson, what effect will her response have on Jimmy?

A. It will cause him to hate his mother instead of loving her
B. It will have very little effect on him at this age
C. It will result in his developing destructive feelings of guilt
D. It will teach him to find a more realistic target for his sexual desires

Answer 27

C. It will result in his developing destructive feelings of guilt

Question 28

Alan is a businessman in his mid-30s. Which of Erikson’s psychosocial conflicts is he most likely engaged in?

A. Ego integrity versus despair
B. Generatively versus stagnation
C. Industry versus inferiority
D. Intimacy versus isolation

Answer 28

B. Generatively versus stagnation

Question 29

Eight-month-old Tiffany responds with a big smile to her mother but screams at the sight of other adults. Which subphase of the separation-individuation phase, in Margaret Mahler’s theory, is Tiffany in?

A. Hatching subphase
B. Practicing subphase
C. Rapproachment subphase
D. Symbiotic subphase

Answer 29

A. Hatching subphase

(The hatching subphase is demonstrated by the child (usually 6-10 months of age) responding differently to primary caregivers than to others)

Question 30

In Ivan Pavlov’s original experiments, the dog’s salivatory response was the

A. Conditioned stimulus
B. Unconditioned stimulus
C. Conditioned response
D. Unconditioned response

Answer 30

D. Unconditioned response

Question 31

Gladys notices that every time she shows her two-month-old infant a bottle before feeding, the infant starts sucking even before the bottle is in his mouth. The sucking motion that the baby makes upon seeing the bottle is a(n)

A. Conditioned response
B. Conditioned stimulus
C. Unconditioned response
D. Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 31

A. Conditioned response

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning?

A. Getting goose bumps upon hearing music during a horror movie
B. Waking up when an alarm clock goes off
C. Salivating while sucking on a sour candy
D. Moving your hand away upon touching a hot stove

Answer 32

A. Getting goose bumps upon hearing music during a horror movie

Question 33

Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?

A. Because Anthony missed his curfew, his father took away his car keys for a month
B. Betty scaled herself when she stepped into the hot bath
C. Carl’s parents believe that too much attention will spoil him, so when he brings home an ‘A’ on a test they ignore it
D. When the doctor came in, he applied soothing balm on Dagny’s bruises that took away a lot of the pain

Answer 33

D. When the doctor came in, he applied soothing balm on Dagny’s bruises that took away a lot of the pain

Question 34

Roberta watched as her brother received a trophy for winning a soccer game. The next day, she asked her parents to let her play on a girls’ soccer team. Albert Bandura would explain Roberta’s behaviour using the term

A. Imitation
B. Negative reinforcement
C. Positive reinforcement
D. Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 34

D. Vicarious reinforcement

Question 35

Which of the following girls is displaying assimilation?

A. After being admitted to hospital because she swallowed a candy-like marble, Maggie learned that not all little round red things should be eaten
B. Since tasting pureed spinach, Sarah has refused to eat anything green. When her father wanted her to taste his peppermint ice-cream, she refused
C. When a sport utility vehicle passed them, Dee’s brother yelled ‘SUV’. The next time a small car passed them, Dee yelled ‘SUV’
D. Jane has a favourite red sweater. When it is too warm for a sweater, her mother is able to persuade her to wear a red t-shirt instead

Answer 35

B. Since tasting pureed spinach, Sarah has refused to eat anything green. When her father wanted her to taste his peppermint ice-cream, she refused

Question 36

Jerry asked Directory Assistance for Emily’s phone number. He heard the recording say the number and was just about to dial it when someone banged on the phone booth and asked him for change. Then, he realised that he no longer knew what the number was. Which of Jerry’s memory stores held the number?

A. Only the sensory register
B. Both the sensory register and short-term memory
C. Only short-term memory
D. The sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory

Answer 36

B. Both the sensory register and short-term memory

Information that is gained through the senses is first held in sensory register, before moving to short-term memory

Question 37

When Harry was in third grade and had to study for a test, he never seemed to know if he had studied enough. Now that he’s in sixth grade, he finds that he knows when he needs to keep studying. The improvement in Harry’s thinking is due to

A. Control processes
B. Wider knowledge base
C. Memory strategies
D. Metacognition

Answer 37

D. Metacognition

Metacognition refers to the awareness and understanding of how thinking and learning work

Question 38

Which of these children is in Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development?

A. Erin, who mastered algebra just by reading her older brother’s textbooks
B. Grodon, who is beginning to learn to play bridge but often needs to ask his grandmother what to do next
C. Pamela, who can’t seem to understand how to program the VCR no matter how many time her sister explains it to her
D. Teddy, who managed to memorise a great deal of information about dinosaurs

Answer 38

B. Grodon, who is beginning to learn to play bridge but often needs to ask his grandmother what to do next

Question 39

Which theory would support the premise that psychological traits that appear to be widely shared among human beings may have developed to ensure the survival of the human race?

A. Contextual theory
B. Ecological systems theory
C. Ethological theory
D. Social cognitive learning theory

Answer 39

C. Ethological theory

Question 40

This theoretical approach is narrow in focus, process-oriented, assumes a weak role for maturation and a strong role for experience, and posits a highly active role for the developing individual. It is the

A. Behavioural learning approach of Skinner
B. Cognitive approach of Piaget
C. Contextual approach of Bronfenbrenner
D. Psychodynamic approach of Mahler

Answer 40

A. Behavioural learning approach of Skinner