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AP bio > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Exergonic

A

Energy is released

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2
Q

Endergonic

A

Energy must be supplied (input/absorbed)

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3
Q

Catalysts

A

Reduce needed activation energy

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4
Q

Enzymes

A

Biological catalysts

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5
Q

What makes up enzymes

A

proteins

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6
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

Enzymes bind around substrate changing shape

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7
Q

Enzyme synthesis

A

active site orients substrate in correct position for reaction brings them closer togehter

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8
Q

Enzyme digestion

A

puts stress on bonds that must be broken

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9
Q

saturation point

A

all enzyme active sites are engaged

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10
Q

Primary Structure

A

Unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide- not functional

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11
Q

Secondary Structure

A

folding or coiling of the polypeptide- not functional

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12
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Overall 3-dimensional shape of polypeptide results from interactions between amino acids and r groups

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13
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

two or more polypeptide subunits

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14
Q

Cohesion

A

like molecules bonding

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15
Q

High Specific Heat

A

amount of heat needs to be absorbed for 1 gram of that substance to change by 1’C

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16
Q

Evaporative cooling

A

sweating- evaporation absorbs heat

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17
Q

Hydrophobic

A

nonpolar (lipids)

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18
Q

hydrophilic

A

polar or ionic (carbs)

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19
Q

Denaturation

A

Loses 3d shape

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20
Q

Changes in salinity

A

adds and removes cations and anions

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21
Q

Competitive Inhibitor

A

Competes for active site- blocks substrate

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22
Q

Non competitive inhibitor

A

bonds to allosteric site and changes enzyme shape

23
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

the final product is an inhibitor of earlier step

24
Q

Procaryotic Cells

A

Simpler and smaller cells

25
Q

Procaryotic does not have

A

cell membrane and nucleus

26
Q

types of procaryotic cells

A

bacteria, archaebacteria

27
Q

Procaryotic Organelles

A

nucleoid, ribosomes, cell wall, capsule, membrane, flagella, cytoplasm

28
Q

Nucleus

A

contains nucleolus and DNA
enclosed in double membrane
nuclear pores allow substances in and out

29
Q

Nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes

30
Q

Ribosomes

A

carry out protein synthesis

31
Q

ribosomes building blocks

A

RNA and proteins

32
Q

where the ribosomes are

A

cytosol and rough er

33
Q

Smooth ER

A

synthesizes and transports lipids detoxifies drugs and poison

34
Q

ROUGH ER

A

folds and transports proteins

35
Q

golgi

A

basically protein amazon (receives, ships, sorts)

36
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digesterrrrs (contains enzymes some animals use for digestion)

37
Q

Vacuoles

A

Storage
sometimes food vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles: pump out excess water

38
Q

Mitochondria

A

generate ATP

39
Q

chloroplast

A

plannntttsss photosynthesis

40
Q

Peroxiding

A

enzymes convert hydrogen to water

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

therapistttt
shapes and supports
guides movements of organelles
celebrates chromosomes in cell division

42
Q

Components of Cytoskeletons

A

3 fibers:
microtubules (thiccccest)
microfilaments (skinny queens)
intermediate filaments

43
Q

Centrosomes and Centrioles

A

aids animal cell division

44
Q

Cilia

A

short hairs

45
Q

Flagella

A

long whip like hairs

46
Q

Cell Wall

A

only in plants maintains shape

47
Q

ECM

A

in animal cells
glycoproteins make it up
bind to receptor proteins in plasma membrane

48
Q

Amphipathic

A

Has both hydrophilic and phobic parts (phospholipids are these)

49
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

makes up the membrane and allows for movement

50
Q

What passes through membrane

A

small nonpolar

51
Q

membrane carbohydrates

A

identifies cells and what can enter

52
Q

turgid

A

full

53
Q

plasmolysis

A

plant cells wilting

54
Q

Aquaporins

A

allow water to flow rapidly in and out of cells (is a protein)

AP bio (7 decks)

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