Chapter 1

Question 1

psychological disorder

Answer 1

Psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response.

Question 2

phobia

Answer 2

A psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Question 3

abnormal behavior

Answer 3

Actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.

Question 4

Psychological dysfunction

Answer 4

refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

Question 5

psychopathology

Answer 5

Scientific study of psychological disorders.

Question 6

scientist-practitioners

Answer 6

Mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. A scientist–practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment.

Question 7

presenting problem

Answer 7

Original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. The actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Question 8

clinical description

Answer 8

Details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

Question 9

prevalence

Answer 9

Number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time (compare with incidence).

Question 10

incidence

Answer 10

Number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period (compare with prevalence).

Question 11

course

Answer 11

Pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

Question 12

prognosis

Answer 12

Predicted development of a disorder over time.

Question 13

etiology

Answer 13

Cause or source of a disorder.

Question 14

exorcism

Answer 14

Religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

Question 15

advanced syphilis

Answer 15

a sexually transmitted disease caused by a bacterial microorganism entering the brain, include believing that everyone is plotting against you (delusion of persecution) or that you are God (delusion of grandeur).

Question 16

humoral theory

Answer 16

Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm

Question 17

sanguine

Answer 17

(literal meaning “red, like blood”) describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain.

Question 18

Melancholic

Answer 18

means depressive (depression was thought to be caused by black bile flooding the brain).

Question 19

phlegmatic personality

Answer 19

(from the humor phlegm) indicates apathy and sluggishness but can also mean being calm under stress

Question 20

choleric person

Answer 20

(from yellow bile or choler) is hot tempered

Question 21

bleeding or bloodletting

Answer 21

a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body, often with leeches.

Question 22

somatic symptom disorders.

Answer 22

In these disorders, symptoms, such as paralysis and some kinds of blindness, appear to be the result of a problem for which no physical cause can be found.

Question 23

emotion contagion

Answer 23

in which the experience of an emotion spreads to those around us

Question 24

lunatic

Answer 24

derived from the Latin word meaning “moon.”

Question 25

mob psychology

Answer 25

one person identifies a “cause” of the problem, others may assume their own reactions have the same source.

Question 26

psychosis

Answer 26

psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality (delusions), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucinations), or both

Question 27

psychosocial treatment

Answer 27

Treatment practices that focuses on social and cultural factors (such as family experience), as well as psychological influences. These approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

Question 28

moral therapy

Answer 28

Psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

Question 29

mental hygiene movement

Answer 29

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Question 30

psychoanalysis

Answer 30

Assessment and therapy pioneered by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts

Question 31

behaviorism

Answer 31

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 32

unconscious

Answer 32

Part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.

Question 33

catharsis

Answer 33

Rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

Question 34

psychoanalytic model

Answer 34

Complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces.

Question 35

id

Answer 35

In psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

Question 36

ego

Answer 36

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy id drives.

Question 37

superego

Answer 37

In psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society.

Question 38

intrapsychic conflicts

Answer 38

In psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego.

Question 39

defense mechanisms

Answer 39

Common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego

Question 40

psychosexual stages of development

Answer 40

Psychoanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

Question 41

castration anxiety

Answer 41

In psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

Question 42

neurosis (plural neuroses)

Answer 42

Obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes. Plural is neuroses.

Question 43

ego psychology

Answer 43

Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

Question 44

object relations

Answer 44

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Question 45

collective unconscious

Answer 45

Accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

Question 46

free association

Answer 46

Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

Question 47

dream analysis

Answer 47

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Question 48

psychoanalyst

Answer 48

Therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

Question 49

transference

Answer 49

Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Question 50

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Answer 50

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Question 51

self-actualizing

Answer 51

Process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Question 52

person-centered therapy

Answer 52

Therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Question 53

unconditional positive regard

Answer 53

Acceptance by the counselor of the client’s feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Question 54

behavioral model

Answer 54

Explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Question 55

classical conditioning

Answer 55

Fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not (a neutral stimulus). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

Question 56

extinction

Answer 56

Learning process in which a response maintained by rein- forcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed; also the procedure of removing that reinforcement or pairing.

Question 57

introspection

Answer 57

Early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Question 58

systematic desensitization

Answer 58

Behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Question 59

behavior therapy

Answer 59

Array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

Question 60

reinforcement

Answer 60

In operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency. Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence. Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence. Unwanted behaviors may result from reinforcement of those behaviors or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

Question 61

shaping

Answer 61

In operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.