Chapter 1

Question 1

The scoop and tools of health behavior are changing because of ….

Answer 1

1. New technologies to promote and track healthy behaviors
2. Increased demand to facilitate behavior change
3. Multiple intervention types and levels
4. Reliance on evidence-based methods
5. Increase in evaluations of theory-based interventions

Question 2

Opportunities for the scoop and tools are…

Answer 2

•Medical innovations

•Stronger evidence base

•Increased access to tools for health promotion

Question 3

Challenges for the scoop and tools are…

Answer 3

• Inequalities
• Billions spent on unhealthy lifestyle promotion
• Environmental health issues

Question 4

Health behavior and behavior change draw on diverse disciplines:

Answer 4

• Psychology
• Sociology
• Anthropology
• Communications
• Nursing
• Epidemiology
• Statistics
• Medicine
• Economics
• Marketing

Question 5

Examples of:

• Chronic diseases account for the majority of deaths in U.S. and worldwide
• Behavioral factors most prominent contributors to mortality
• Infectious diseases continue to be a threat in many parts of the world

Answer 5

• Heart disease; cancer; lung disease; diabetes
• Tobacco use; diet; physical activity; alcohol use; sexual behavior; injuries
• Malaria; diarrheal diseases; Ebola; MERS, TB

Question 6

Past 20 years — increased interest in improving health through changes in lifestyle

Answer 6

• U.S. Healthy People goals
• WHO Goals

***Focus on behavioral and social determinants of health

Question 7

Increase in data and surveillance systems to track trends in U.S. health

Answer 7

Improving areas:
- Coronary heart disease mortality
- Blood pressure and cholesterol
- Alcohol-related motor vehicle accidents
-Tobacco use

Worsening areas:
- Overweight and obesity
- Diabetes
- Vaccine coverage

Question 8

Seven major settings relevant to contemporary health behavior change:

Answer 8

1. Schools
2. Communities
3. Worksites
4. Healthcare
5. Homes
6. Consumer marketplace
7. Communications environment

Question 9

Interventions need to be designed based on target audience

Answer 9

• Health, cultural context, social characteristics, beliefs, attitudes, values, skills, past behaviors
• Addressed as individuals, groups, communities, and/or sociopolitcal entities

Question 10

Four dimensions used to characterize potential audiences:

Answer 10

1. Sociodemographic characteristics
2. Racial/ethnic background
3. Lifecycle stage
4. Disease or at-risk status