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CHM020 - Analytical Methods for Biology > Chapter 0d > Flashcards

Chapter 0d Flashcards

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1
Q
  • pure substances from which all other things are built
  • cannot be broken down into simpler substances
A

elements

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2
Q
  • represents the names of the elements
  • consists of one to two letters and start with a capital letter
A

chemical symbols

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3
Q
  • silver, shiny elements that is a liquid at room temperature
  • can enter the body by vapor inhalation, contact with the skin, or ingestion of water or food contaminated with it
A

mercury (Hg)

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4
Q

organize 118 elements into groups with similar properties and placesthem in order of increasing atomic mass

A

periodic table

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5
Q

how many elements are in the periodic table

A

118

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6
Q

contains elements with similar properties in vertical columns

A

groups

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7
Q

horizontal rows of elements, counted from top to bottom of the table as 1-7

A

periods

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8
Q

written at the top of each vertical column

A

group numbers

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9
Q

use the letter A for __ __

A

representative elements

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10
Q

use the letter B for __ __

A

transition elements

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11
Q

representative elements

A

(Groups 1A-8A)

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12
Q

transition elements

A

(Group 3B-12B)

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13
Q

Group 1A

A

alkali metals

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14
Q

what are the alkali metals

A
  1. lithium (Li)
  2. sodium (Na)
  3. potassium (K)
  4. rubidium (Rb)
  5. cesium (Cs)
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15
Q

Group 2A

A

alkaline earth metals

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16
Q

what are the alkaline earth metals

A
  1. beryllium (Be)
  2. magnesium (Mg)
  3. calcium (Ca)
  4. strontium (Sr)
  5. barium (Ba)
  6. radium (Ra)
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17
Q

Group 7A

A

halogens

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18
Q

what are the halogens

A
  1. fluorine (F)
  2. chlorine (Cl)
  3. bromine (Br)
  4. iodine (I)
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19
Q
  • located on the left of the periodic table
  • shiny and ductile
  • conduct heat and electricity
  • solids, except for mercury
A

metals

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20
Q
  • located on the right side of the periodic table
  • dull, brittle, and poor conductors but often good insulators
  • have low densities and melting points
A

nonmetals

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21
Q
  • located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
  • exhibit properties of metals and nonmetals
  • better conductors than nonmentals but not as good as metals
  • used as semiconductors and insulators, because they can be modified to function as conductors and insulators
A

metalloids

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22
Q

how many elements are essential for the well-being and survival of the human body

A

20 elements

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23
Q

are representative minerals involve in
- formation of bones and teeth
- maintenance of heart and blood vessels, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and acid-base balance of body fluids
- regulation of cellular metabolism

A

macrominerals

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24
Q

what are the macrominerals

A
  1. Ca
  2. P
  3. K
  4. Cl
  5. S
  6. Na
  7. Mg
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25
Q

smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element

A

atom

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26
Q

theory that states the properties of atoms

A

Dalton’s atomic theory

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27
Q

subatomic particles of atoms

A
  1. protons
  2. electrons
  3. neutrons
27
Q

have a positive charge

A

protons

28
Q

have a negative chargeg

A

electrons

29
Q

have no charge

A

neutrons

30
Q

like charges __

A

repel

31
Q

unlike charges __

A

attract

32
Q

realized from his experiment that cathode rays contain negatively charged particles

A

J.J. Thomson

33
Q

model in which protons and electrons were randomly distributed in a positively charged cloud, like plums in a pudding

A

“plum-pudding” model

34
Q

concluded that there must be a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom that deflects positive particles that come close

A

Rutherford

35
Q

what do atoms consist

A
  1. nucleus
  2. electrons
36
Q
  • located in the center of the atom
  • contains protons and neutrons and represents most of the mass of an atom
A

nucleus

37
Q

occupy a large, empty space around the nucleus

A

electrons

38
Q

unit for atoms

A

atomic mass unit (amu)

39
Q

mass of electron

A

much less than that of a proton or neutron

40
Q
  • equal to the number of protons in an atom
  • whole number specific for each element
  • same for all atoms of an element
A

atomic number

41
Q

net charge of neutral atoms

A

0

42
Q

neutral atoms

A

number of protons = number of electrons

43
Q
  • equal to number of protons + number of neutrns
  • represents the number of particles in the nucleus
  • always a whole number
  • does not appear in the periodic table
A

mass number

44
Q
  • have different mass numbers
  • same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
  • atoms of the same element
  • can be distinguished by their atomic symbols
A

isotopes

45
Q
  • weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes of that element
  • number on the periodic table below the chemical symbol
A

atomic mass

46
Q

consists of energy particles that move as waves of energy

A

electromagnetic radiation

47
Q

distance between the peaks of waves

A

wavelength

48
Q

has shorter wavelengths

A

high-energy radiation

49
Q

has longer wavelengths

A

low-energy radiation

50
Q

spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by an electron during transitions between different energy levels within an atom

A

Atomic spectra

51
Q

what are the lines in an atomic spectrum associated with

A

changes in energies of electrons

52
Q

specific energy of electron is also known as

A

energy level

53
Q

represents the relative overall energy of each orbital

A

principal quantum number n

54
Q

means that the electrons can possess only certain discrete energy values; values between those quantized values are not permitted

A

Quantized energy

55
Q

what happens when electrons fall back to a lower energy level

A

light is emitted

56
Q

what determines the physical and chemical properties of an element

A

arrangement of electrons

57
Q

number of sublevels in an energy level =

A

principal quantum number n of that energy level

58
Q

what are the sublevels

A

s, p, d, and f

59
Q

s orbitals are shown as

A

spheres

60
Q

how many p orbitals are there

A

3, starting with n=2

61
Q

maximum electron an orbital can hold

A

2

62
Q

how many orbitals:
s sublevel

A

1

63
Q

how many orbitals:
p sublevel

A

3

64
Q

how many orbitals:
d sublevel

A

5

65
Q

how many orbitals:
f sublevel

A

14

CHM020 - Analytical Methods for Biology (22 decks)

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