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Genetics > Chapter 03: Cell Division > Flashcards

Chapter 03: Cell Division Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What are the five phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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1
Q

What are the three stages during interphase?

A

G1, S phase, and G2

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2
Q

What occurs during G1?

A

Active gene expression and cell activity; preparation for DNA synthesis

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3
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

DNA replication and chromosome duplication

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4
Q

What occurs during G2?

A

Preparation for cell division

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5
Q

karyokinesis (n.)

A

the equal partitioning of chromosomal material in the nucleus of the parental cell

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6
Q

cytokinesis (n.)

A

the partitioning of the cytoplasmic contents of the parental cell into the daughter cells

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7
Q

The discovery of genes on sex chromosomes supported what theory?

A

Chromosome theory of heredity

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8
Q

What is the product of S phase?

A

The creation of two sister chromatids for each chromosome

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9
Q

centromeres (n.)

A

specialized sequences that join sister chromatids together

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10
Q

At what stage do centromeres become visible?

A

Prophase

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11
Q

What are the protein complexes bound by centromeres?

A

Kinetochores

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12
Q

Condensation of DNA begins during _________ and reaches a maximum during _________.

A

prophase, metaphase

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13
Q

What is the source of spindle fiber microtubules?

A

Centrosomes

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14
Q

Which end of the spindle fiber is at the centrosome?

A

The (-) end

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15
Q

Which end of the spindle fiber grows away from the centrosome?

A

The (+) end

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16
Q

What is the name of the pattern that spindle fibers emanate from the centrosome?

A

Aster

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17
Q

What are the types of microtubules?

A

Kinetochore, polar, and astral

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18
Q

What is the function of kinetochore microtubules?

A

Embed in the kinetochore at the centromere of each chromatid, and are responsible for chromosome movement

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19
Q

What is the function of polar microtubules?

A

Extend toward the opposite pole of the centrosome and contribute to cell elongation and stability

20
Q

What is the function of astral microtubules?

A

Grow towards the membrane of the cell and contribute to cell stability

21
Q

Kinetochore microtubules are connected to the kinetochores of each chromatid by the end of which phase?

A

Prometaphase

22
Q

What forces balances the tension created by the pull of the kinetochore microtubules?

A

Sister chromatid cohesion

23
Q

What is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion?

A

The protein cohesin

24
Q

At what stage do sister chromatids separate?

A

Anaphase A

25
Q

What causes cohesin to allow sister chromatids to separate?

A

The cleaving of Scc1 (sister chromatid cohesion 1) by the enzyme separase

26
Q

disjunction (n.)

A

the separation of sister chromatids

27
Q

What is the separation of sister chromatids called?

A

Disjunction

28
Q

At what stage of mitosis does the cell take on an elongated shape, and what is the cause?

A

The extension of polar microtubules during anaphase B

29
Q

What is the purpose of the elongated shape the cell takes on during mitosis?

A

The shape facilitates cytokinesis during telophase and the production of daughter cells

30
Q

During which stage of mitosis do the nuclear membranes reassemble around the chromosomes?

A

Telophase

31
Q

wild type (n.)

A

the most common phenotype in a population

32
Q

chromosomal theory of inheritance (n.)

A

the idea that genes are carried on chromosomes

33
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan

A

studied Drosphilia flies and contributed to the chromosomal theory of inheritance

34
Q

Nettie Stevens

A

found sex-dependent chromosomal differences, which contributed to the chromosomal theory of inheritance

35
Q

X-linked inheritance (n.)

A

traits carried by genes on the X chromosome

36
Q

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in males for mammals?

A

XY, XXY, XYY

37
Q

What are the sex chromosome combinations that result in females for mammals?

A

XX, XO, XXX

38
Q

phenotypic sex (n.)

A

the internal and external morphology of each sex, and is the result of gene expression

39
Q

What gene is expressed to initiate testicular development and differentiation of gonads?

A

SRY

40
Q

What allows X and Y chromosomes to “pair up” on the metaphase plate?

A

Psuedoautosomal regions, located on the tips of each chromosome

41
Q

What sex chromosome combination causes Jacob’s syndrome?

A

XYY

42
Q

What sex chromosome combination causes Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO

43
Q

Many more males than females have it. [Inheritance]

A

X-linked recessive

44
Q

The mating of recessive males with heterozygous females results in half of the offspring being affected. [Inheritance]

A

X-linked dominant/recessive

45
Q

protein kinase (n.)

A

a specialized protein that phosphorylates another molecule or protein

46
Q

proto-oncogenes (n.)

A

genes whose expressed protein products stimulate cell cycle progression (“acceleration”)

47
Q

What is the genotype of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

XXY

48
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

Prophase I during meiosis I

Genetics (10 decks)

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