chapt. 7 Flashcards
what is memory
a collection of several systems that store info in different forms for various times
atkinson-shiffron model
3 memory stores, long/short-term for various
control processes
shifts from one memory store to another
attention
selects what info is passed to STM
encoding
storing sensory info in LTM
retrieval
brings info from LTM to STM
sensory memory
memory store accurately holds awareness info for a brief moment
iconic memory
visual form of sensory memory
echoic memory
auditory form of sensory memory, held longer
STM
limited capacity/duration of memory
chunking
organizing smaller bits of info into larger meaningful chunks
LTM
holds info for a long time
tip of the tongue phenomenon
retrieve similar sounding words, but not actual word
serial position effect
remembering first and last items of a list
proactive interference
first info learned overshadows older memories
retroactive interference
most recent info overshadows older memories
rehearsal
repeating info
working memory
STM remembers combo of components temporarily storing small bits of info at a time
phonological loop
storage component of working memory, relies on rehearsal, stores small bits of info at a time
word-length effect
people remember 1 syllable words
visuospatial sketchpad
storage component that keeps you aware of your surroundings/objects
feature binding
combines visual features into single unit
episodic buffer
working memory combines images nad sounds into story-like episodes
central executive
control centre of working memory, coordinates attention, exchanges info between three storage components
declaritive LTM
consciously aware of things we can declare
nondeclaritive
actions/behaviours we remember without awareness
episodic memories
“I did this”, personal experiences
sematic memories
facts about the world
procedural memory
muscle memory
long-term potentiation
increase of transmission of neural signals between nerve cells firing together
consolidation
converts short-term memories to long-term
amnesia
loss of at least 1 memory form
anterograde amnesia
inabaility to form new memories
memory storage
time/manner in which info is retrieved between encoding and retrieval
reconsolidation
hippocampus modifies/updates/strengthens existing memories
cross-cortical storage
LT declaritive memories form networks in different regions of the cortex
retrograde amnesia
memory for events before trauma is lost
maintenance rehearsal
prolonging exposure to info through repetition
elaborative rehearsal
thinking about its meaning, studying
shallow processes
sound/spelling of the word
deep processes
thinking about the meaning
self-reference effect
thinking how the info is meaningful to you
recognition
identifying stimulus
encoding specificity principle
retrieval most effective when conditions of encoding/retrieval are the same
context-dependent
characteristics of environment serves as clues
state-dependant memory
retrieval more effective when internal state matches encoding state
mood dependant
retrieval more effective when mood matches encoding mood
emotional memories
recalled more
flashbulb memory
vivid memory of event about how you learned about the event
forgetting curve
rate of forgetting slows down, until you don’t forget anymore
mnemonic
technique to remember
method of loci
mnemonic connecting words to be remembered to locations
acronym
letters represent initials of phrase
first-letter techniques
first letters spell word to form a sentence
dual-coding
combining two perceptions, like visual and sound to LTM
desirable difficulties
techniques make studying slower and more effort, but better for overall memory
testing effect
practice tests before exam
cognitive offloading
use of action/device to reduce cognitive demands by given task
schemas
organized clusters of memories that reflect someone’s knowledge or beliefs about something
constructive memory
we first recall generalized schema then add details later
infantile amnesia
no memories before 3 years old
false memory
incorrect recall
misinformation effect
info affects memories
source memory
where/how memory was acquired
imagination inflation
increase confidence of false memory followed by repeated imagination of event
guided imagery
helps people recover details of events by imagining
DRM procedure
participants study highly related words called semantic associates
recovered memory
recovered after blocking out from traumatic event
