chapt. 2 Characteristics of good research

Question 1

characteristics of good research

Answer 1

-made public
-can be replicated
-generalizability
-techniques used reduces bias

Question 2

objective measurement

Answer 2

measurement of a variable that is consistent

Question 3

variable

Answer 3

controlled object/concept

Question 4

operational definitions

Answer 4

some variables can be defined in different ways: behaviour, physiology

Question 5

sources of bias

Answer 5

people changing reactions based on how others will percieve them

Question 6

characteristics of bad research

Answer 6

-anecdotal evidence: personal experiences

Question 7

validity

Answer 7

tools used accurately measure what it’s supposed to

Question 8

reliability

Answer 8

when a measure proves it provides consistant answers over different observations

Question 9

hawthorne effect

Answer 9

behaviour effect when knowing they are being observed

Question 10

correlational research

Answer 10

measuring degree of connection between multiple variables

Question 11

controlled experiments

Answer 11

cause manipulated by researcher

Question 12

randomized experiments

Answer 12

ensures no systemic differences

Question 13

randomization

Answer 13

replicate studies to prove the same results each time

Question 14

informed consent

Answer 14

volunteers fully informed + gives consent

Question 15

deception

Answer 15

“white lie”, partially informs patient about true topic of study to target natural reaction

Question 16

debriefing

Answer 16

fully explaining true study and reasons for deceptions after the study

Question 17

anonymity

Answer 17

data cannot connect to individual

Question 18

confidentiality

Answer 18

only experimenter knows the data

Question 19

descriptive statistics

Answer 19

techniques used to summarize/collect data for the big picture

Question 20

frequency

Answer 20

of observations that fall within a catagory

Question 21

normal distribution

Answer 21

symmetrical distribution of data valuessk

Question 22

skewed distribution

Answer 22

unexpected data

Question 23

central tendancy

Answer 23

where scores cluster together

Question 24

variability

Answer 24

which scores are dispensed in a a distribution

Question 25

standard deviation

Answer 25

variability around the mean (average)

Question 26

statistical significance

Answer 26

groups are farther apart than expected from random chance

Question 27

null and experimental hypothesis’

Answer 27

null: differences= random chance

experimental: differences= experimenter

Question 28

demand characteristics

Answer 28

researcher bias, cues from them that tell participants how they should behave

Question 29

single-blind study

Answer 29

participants do not know true purpose of study

OR

do not know which treatment they will get

Question 30

double-blind study

Answer 30

experimenter and researcher to not know which treatment for anyone

Question 31

appeal to authority

Answer 31

believing an “experts” claim with no supporting data

expertise does not equal evidence

Question 32

appeal to common sense

Answer 32

appears to be true, lacks supporting evidence

Question 33

descriptive data

Answer 33

only from observations

Question 34

qualitative research

Answer 34

using numerical measurements of the variables

Question 35

random sampling

Answer 35

taking sample at random

Question 36

random assignment

Answer 36

dividing samples so participants have an equal chance of how they are sortede

Question 37

experimental group

Answer 37

provided special treatment

Question 38

control group

Answer 38

no special treatment, used to compare to the natural

Question 39

quasi-experimental group

Answer 39

pre-selected, not random