Chapt 4/13

Question 1

Describe the pain pathway

Answer 1

1) stimulus 2) nociceptor 3) peripheral nerve 4) synapse 5) spinal decussation 6) lateral spinothalmic tract 7) reticular formation 8) thalamus 9) parietal lobe 10) hypothalamus 11) limbic system
1) stimulant 2) pain receptor 3) pain fiber 4) synapse 5) cross-over 6) pain 7) the pons and medulla awareness 8) sensory relay center 9) locate pain 10) stress response 11) emotional response

Question 2

gate control theory

Answer 2

Gates are control system; gates open: pain impulses transmitted from periphery to brain. Gates closed: reduce or modifies the passage of pain impulses

Question 3

S/s of pain in adults and children

Answer 3

Adults: n/v, fainting or dizziness, physical signs of pain, anxiety/fear, clinched fists, rigid face, restless or constant movement , guarded.

Children: tachycardia, increases BP, facial expressions

Question 4

Compare referred pain and phantom pain

Answer 4

Referred pain: perceived at site different from source.

Phantom pain: chronic pain following an amputation

Question 5

Factors that may alter pain perception

Answer 5

Pain is subjective, age, culture, family traditions, prior experience with pain can shape ones perception

Question 6

Acute and chronic pain

Answer 6

Acute- usually sudden, severe, short term: may be localized or general

Chronic- occurs over an extended period of time, may be recurrent: generalized

Question 7

Types of headaches

Answer 7

Sinus: located in eye or forehead
Tension: muscle spasms and tension, emotional stress
Migraine: abnormal change in blood flow and metabolism in the brain
Inter cranial: increases pressure inside skull

Question 8

Methods of pain management

Answer 8

Remove cause of pain, use analgesic meds, sedatives, anti-anxiety meds, surgical interventions, anesthesia

Question 9

State the cause of pain

Answer 9

May be gelt because of inflammation, infection, ischemia, tissue necrosis, stretching of tissue, muscle spasms, burns