Chaper 2- Nutrient Cycles

Question 1

How is carbon cycled

Answer 1

Cellular respiration
Photosynthesis 
Decomposition
Ocean mixing
Volcanic eruptions

Question 2

Cellular respiration

Answer 2

Chemical energy from food provides energy for all body functions. Animals eat energy-containing carbon compounds
C6H12+6O2—->6CO2+6H2O+energy

Question 3

Photosynthesis

Answer 3

Plants combine energy from the sun and CO2 from the atmosphere to make high-energy carbon compounds

Energy+6CO2+H2O–>6O2+C6H18O6

Question 4

Decomposition

Answer 4

Breaking down of dead organic matter

Bacteria and fungi convert cellulose to CO2 which is released into atmosphere

Question 5

Ocean Mixing

Answer 5

Moves carbon throughout be worlds oceans

Creates carbonic acid which causes the ocean to become more acidic

Question 6

Volcanic Eruptions

Answer 6

Subduction and melting of sedimentary rock followed by release through volcanic eruptions

Question 7

Where is carbon stored

Answer 7

Long term- marine sediments and sedimentary rock, middle and deep ocean waters, coal, oil, gas

Short term- vegetation, plants in oceans, animals, decaying matter, atmosphere

Question 8

Nitrogen cycle

Answer 8

Nitrogen is a nutrient and is an important component of DNA and protein.

Question 9

Where is nitrogen stored

Answer 9

Small amount is animals, plants, and decaying organic matter. Lakes oceans.
Most is stored in the atmosphere as nitrogen gas N2
But it is useless in that form

Question 10

How is Nitrogen cycled

Answer 10

Nitrogen fixation
Nitrification
Uptake
Denitrification

Question 11

Nitrogen fixation

Answer 11

Nitrogen gas is converted info ammonium NH4+ and nitrate NO3-
Nitrogen fixation occurs through nitrogen fixing material or lightning strikes

Question 12

Nitrification

Answer 12

Certain species of bacteria convert ammonium NH4+ into nitrite NO2-

Another species of bacteria convert nitrite NO2- into nitrate NO3-

Question 13

Uptake

Answer 13

Nitrates can enter plant roots and become incorporated into proteins
When animals eat the plants nitrogen gas gets sent to tissues

Question 14

Denitrification

Answer 14

Denitrifying bacteria convert nitrate back into atmospheric nitrogen N2

Question 15

Other ways nitrogen returned to atmoshere

Answer 15

Volcanoes, fossil fuels, burning forests and grasslands, fertilizers,

Question 16

Consequences of human activities with the nitrogen cycle

Answer 16

Acid rain forms from dissolved nitrogen compounds in the moisture in the clouds
Eutrophication- excess nutrients result in increased plant growth and decay.

Question 17

Why is carbon cycle essential to life

Answer 17

All organisms have bodies that are carbon based

We consume carbon compounds to get energy - the energy is used for chemical reactions on cells

Question 18

Why is phosphorus important

Answer 18

It carries energy to plant cells and animal cells
Root development stem strength and seed production
Large amounts in animal bones

Question 19

How is phosphorus stored

Answer 19

Trapped in phosphate PO4-3, HPO4-2, H2PO4
that make up phosphate rock and sediments in the ocean

Is not found in atmosphere

Question 20

Phosphorus cycle

Answer 20

Weathering releases phosphate into the soil. Once phosphate is released into the soul plants take it up by the roots. Animals get it from eating the plants. Decomposers feed on dead organism and return phosphorus into the soil

Question 21

Other way phosphorus is cycles

Answer 21

Erosion, leaching, and runoff cause phosphate to enter aquatic ecosystems where it is passed along the food chain
Most of it settles at the bottom in forms of sedimentary rock.
It is made available again through geological uplift. Earths crust folds and deeply buried rock rises

Question 22

Human activities that effect the phosphorus cycle

Answer 22

Fertilizers, detergents, animal waste from large scale livestock farms, lash and burn forests.

Leaching makes it fall to the ocean and be unavailable to be used

Question 23

Weathering and two types

Answer 23

Weathering is when rocks are broken into smaller fragments
Chemical- chemicals cause rocks to break down
Physical- breakdown caused by wind, rain, and freezing

Question 24

Calcium carbonate is the structural component of:

Answer 24

Marine organisms

It’s the shells