Chap 6 - Cognitive Growth: Info Processing Approaches

Question 0

Information processing

Answer 0

The process by which info is encoded, stored, & retrieved

Question 1

Information processing approaches

Answer 1

Approaches to cognitive development that seek to identify the ways that individuals take in, use, & store info; looks at quantitative change

Question 2

Sensory store

Answer 2

The initial, momentary storage of info, lasting only an instant

Question 3

Short-term memory

Answer 3

The short-duration, limited-capacity memory component in which selected input from the memory store is worked on; loss of info within 15-25 secs; can hold up to about 7 chunks; capacity of short-term memory is not based on physical size of material being encoded, but on whether it forms meaningful chunks of info

Question 4

Working memory

Answer 4

A set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate & rehearse info; short-term memory

Question 5

Long-term memory

Answer 5

The memory component in which info is stored on a relatively permanent basis; has different components called memory modules representing different memory systems

Question 6

Attention

Answer 6

Info processing involving the ability to strategically choose among & sort out different stimuli in the environment

Question 7

Planning

Answer 7

The ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve

Question 8

Infantile amnesia

Answer 8

The lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to three years of age

Question 9

Autobiographical memory

Answer 9

Memory of particular events from one’s own life

Question 10

Scripts

Answer 10

General representations in memory of a sequence or series of events; difficult to remember anything specific because it’s remembered in terms of the general script

Question 11

Metamemory

Answer 11

An understanding about the processes that underlie memory, which emerges & improves during middle childhood

Question 12

Mnemonics

Answer 12

Formal strategies for organizing material in ways that make it more likely to be remembered

Question 13

Critical thinking

Answer 13

Thinking that makes use of cognitive skills & strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, & making decisions appropriately & successfully

Question 14

Foundations of info processing - all 3 processes must operate so info can be processed

Answer 14

1. Encoding - computer’s keyboard
2. Storage - hard drive
3. Retrieval - monitor

Question 15

Encoding

Answer 15

Process by which info is initially recorded in a form usable to memory

Question 16

Storage

Answer 16

Maintenance of material saved in memory

Question 17

Retrieval

Answer 17

Process by which material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, & used

Question 18

Automatization

Answer 18

Degree to which an activity requires attention; processes that require little attention are automatic; processes that require large amounts of attention are controlled

Question 19

Concepts

Answer 19

Categorizations of objects, events, or people that share common properties

Question 20

Cognitive architecture

Answer 20

Refers to the basic, enduring structures & features of info processing that are relatively constant over the course of dev

Question 21

Atkinson-Shiffrin three-system model

Answer 21

1. Sensory store
2. Short-term memory
3. Long-term memory

Question 22

Chunk

Answer 22

Meaningful group of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory

Question 23

Rehearsal

Answer 23

Repetition of info that has entered short-term memory

Question 24

Central executive

Answer 24

Controls functions of short-term memory, coordinating the processing of material, determining problem-solving strategies, directing attention, & selecting strategies for remembering in short-term memory

Question 25

Retrieval cues

Answer 25

Stimuli that permit people to recall info; may take form of word, an image, a smell, or a sound

Question 26

Operating efficiency hypothesis

Answer 26

People are able to remember material better with age because they process info more quickly & use more effective, suitable strategies

Question 27

Control strategies

Answer 27

Conscious, intentionally used tactics to improve cognitive processing

Question 28

Keyword strategy

Answer 28

One word that is paired with another that sounds like it; I.e. Spanish word for duck is pato (pronounced poto) - keyword is pot & you may imagine duck in a pot to remember that word

Question 29

Code-based approaches to reading

Answer 29

Emphasizes the components of reading, such as sounds of letters & their combinations–phonics–& how letters & sounds are combined to make words

Question 30

Whole-language approaches to reading

Answer 30

Children should learn to read thru exposure to complete writing–sentences, stories, poems, lists, charts; children are encouraged to make guesses (not sound out) about meaning of words based on context in which they appear; viewed as a natural process

Question 31

4 principles used for critical thinking

Answer 31

1. Thinkers must identify & challenge the assumptions underlying a statement or contention.
2. They must check for factual accuracy & logical consistency among statements.
3. They need to take into account the context of a situation.
4. They need to imagine & explore alternatives.