Chap 6 Cells Flashcards
Compound light microscope
Visible light is passed through specimen and then through glass lenses lenses refract the light.
Name three principles of modern cell theory
Every living organism is made up of one or more cells. The smallest living organisms are single cells, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms. All cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Electron microscope
Using a being of electrons that are shot through the specimen electrons have much shorter wavelengths of visible light
Why are cells not long
This depends on the surface area two-volume ratios cells need to build communicate and if they increase volume too much it makes this task impossible
What is a prokaryotic cell
A cell that has its DNA concentrated in a region called the nucleoid, but no membrane separates this region from the rest of the cell. The sellers full of ribosomes where proteins are synthesized.
What is the structure of an animal cell
Most prominent organelle and an animal cell is usually the nucleus. Chrommatin in the nucleus consists of DNA.
Describe a plant cell
A plant cell like a animal cell has a nucleus and other organelles. However the plants also contains a family membrane enclosed organelles called plastids. The most important type of Plastid is a chloroplast which carries out photosynthesis.
What are the three components to cells
Plasma membrane, genetic material, and cytoplasm.
What is the function of the plasma membrane.
It isolates the cytoplasm from the external environment. In regulates the flow of material between the cytoplasm and its environment. It allows interaction with other cells
What is cytoplasm
Consists of all the materials inside the plasma membrane (Water, salts, assortment of organic molecules, enzymes, other proteins used in structure, and organelles)
What are the two main types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Describe the differences between the prokaryotic and the eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic: greater than 5 µm most have a rigid cell wall (some have polysaccharide coating) cytoplasm is relatively homogenous
Eukaryotic: less than 10 µm plants have a cell wall whiles animals have no cell wall, cytoplasm composed of many organelles, fluid called cytosome “sell solution”
What is the nucleus
Looks like a “woofle ball”, poorest. Contains the DNA, and inside area called the nucleolus
What Are pores
Allow for water ions ATP to pass through freely large molecule are controlled, however exert extreme selectivity of RNA molecules. The pores have proteins with the holes that go between nuclear envelope
What is the nuclear envelope
Outer surface peppered with ribosomes some places and er
is directly continuous with. Outer membranes
Nucleolus
Contains ribosomal RNA, and proteins
Cell membrane
All membranes composed of a phospholipid by layer with proteins and cholesterol imbedded in between.
Organelles without and don’t membrane system
ER, Golgi bodies, lysosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
System of membranous tubes, sacks forming compartments.
Golgi complex
Set of smooth membranes that are stacked into flattened, fluid filled sacs. The side closest to the plasma membrane bulges at the ends. It’s derived from the ER. Each stack is a Golgi body
What are three functions of the Golgi complex
Separates proteins and lipids received from the ER.
Modifies some molecules – sugars to proteins to make Glycoproteins
Packages for mentioned materials into vesicles for transport to cell membrane. Or other parts of cell
What are lysosomes
Major function isn’t digestion and disposal. Each organelle contains close to 40 hydrolytic enzymes that are able to break down polysaccharides, DNA, RNA, proteins, and certain lipids.
What are plastids
Organelles special lighting photosynthetic food production and storage. There are three main kinds
What are the three main kinds of plastids
Chloroplasts: with photosynthetic pigments and starch storage capacity.
Chromoplasts: with pigments that are not functioning in photosynthesis. These pigments are red or brown they give carrots, fruits, pedals their distinct color.
Amyloplasts: with start storing capacity, no pigments. They are colorless. They occur stems, roots, seeds and other parts that have little sunlight.
Chloroplasts
Organelles specializing in photosynthesis their double membrane with the inner membrane containing if semi fluid matrix called stroma
What is Mitochondria
Organelles specializing in production of ATP. These are double membrane with the inner membrane containing a matrix.
What is a cytoskeleton
Internal framework of eukaryotic cells, cellular content stream about but are drifting about haphazardly. Proper self function requires nonrandom organization
What functions do the cytoskeleton’s perform
Cell shape
Cell movement
Organelle movement
Cell division
What are microfilaments
Is a small flexible strand. Actin is one of its structural components in association with a second protein Myosin. One filament slide over the next.
What are Microtubules
A hollow cylinder assembled from protein subunits called tubulin. Microtubules are involved in organelle movement, help divide heredity material during cell division, and are a key part of flagella and cilia.
What are cilia and flagella?
Arise from bassal bodies, Usually just beneath the plasma cell membrane. Bassal bodies have a nine short fused triplets around a pair of unfused microtubules, which give rise to nine pairs of microtubule.
