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2024DM ANCC > Chap. 5 - pharmacological principles > Flashcards

Chap. 5 - pharmacological principles Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of what drugs do and how they do it

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics (includes 4 mechanisms)

A

Study of what the body does to drugs; includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

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3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Study of what drugs do to the body; target sites for drug actions include receptors, ion channels, enzymes, and carrier proteins.

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4
Q

Absorption

A

Method and rate at which drugs leave the site of administration

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5
Q

Oral meds - where are they typically absorbed and metabolized?

A

Absorbed in the small intestine

Metabolized in the liver

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6
Q

Distribution

A

Occurs after the drug leaves the systemic circulation and enters the interstitium and cells

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7
Q

Most psychotropics are lipophilic and protein bound. A patient with low protein (albumin) may become _____ from an increased amount of free drug.

A

Toxic

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8
Q

Drugs are redistributed in organs according to the _____ and _____ content of the organ.

A

Fat and protein

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9
Q

Metabolism

A

Process by which the drug becomes chemically altered in the body.

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10
Q

First-pass metabolism

A

Process by which the drug is metabolized by P450 enzymes in the intestines and liver before going to the systemic circulation

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11
Q

Elimination

A

Process by which the drug is removed from the body

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12
Q

Half-life (T1/2)

A

Time needed to clear 50% of the drug from the plasma

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13
Q

Half-life determines _____ _____

A

Dosing interval

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14
Q

Steady state

A

Point at which the amount of drug eliminated between doses is approximately equal to the dose administered

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15
Q

It takes approximately _____ half-lives to achieve a steady state and _____ half-lives to completely eliminate a drug

A

Five

Five

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16
Q

Drugs are usually administered _____ per half life to achieve steady state

A

Once

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17
Q

Tegretol, antifungals, rifampin, dilantin, phenobarbital, trileptal, and topamax are common enzyme inducers or inhibitors?

A

Inducers

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18
Q

Tagamet, erythromycin, biaxin, fluoroquinolones, prozac, and paxil are common enzyme inducers or inhibitors?

A

Inhibitors

19
Q

Inducers will _____ the serum level of a substrate drug, causing _____ levels

A

Decrease

Subtherapeutic

20
Q

Inhibitors will _____ the serum level of a substrate drug, causing _____ levels

A

Increase

Toxic

21
Q

Liver disease affects first-pass metabolism, causing _____ plasma drug levels

A

Toxic

22
Q

Kidney disease may _____ levels of renally excreted drugs

A

Increase

23
Q

A common drug class that reduces renal clearance is _____

A

NSAIDS

24
Q

A common renally excreted psych drug is _____

A

Lithium

25
Q

A client taking lithium and Ibuprofen regularly and may find that their lithium level is now _____

A

Toxic

26
Q

Because the elderly typically have _____ fat and _____ protein, they are _____ likely to become toxic on psychotropics

A

Increased fat
Decreased protein
More likely to become toxic

27
Q

Low protein levels lead to _____ with psychotropics

A

Toxicity

28
Q

High fat leads to _____ with psychotropics

A

Toxicity

29
Q

Agonism, inverse agonism, partial agonism, and antagonism are four types of _____

A

Pharmacodynamics

30
Q

Agonism

A

Binding to a receptor site to activate a biological response

31
Q

Antagonism

A

Binding to a receptor site to NOT cause activation of a biological response

32
Q

Inverse agonism

A

Do not bind and do not activate a biological response (the opposite of agonism)

33
Q

Partial agonism

A

Do not fully activate the receptors

34
Q

Excitatory response at an ion channel: channels will _____, allowing _____ and _____ ions to _____ the cell

A

Channels will open, allowing sodium and calcium to enter the cell

35
Q

An excitatory response is known as depolarization or repolarization?

A

Depolarization

36
Q

Inhibitory response at an ion channel: channels will _____, allowing _____ ions to _____ the cell and _____ ions to _____ the cell.

A

Channels will open
Chloride enters
Potassium leaves

37
Q

An inhibitory response is known as depolarization or repolarization?

A

Repolarization

38
Q

Some drugs will inhibit enzymes, increasing the availability of neurotransmitter. Name this class of drugs.

A

MAOIs

39
Q

Drugs like SSRIs and NDRIs act on…

A

Reuptake pumps

40
Q

Potency

A

Relative dose required to achieve certain effects

41
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Relative measure of toxicity or safety of a drug

42
Q

A drug with a high (think wide) therapeutic index is relatively _____

A

Safe. Think DPK (high therapeutic index) vs Li+ (low therapeutic index).

43
Q

A drug with a low (think narrow) therapeutic index is more or less prone to toxicity?

A

More.

44
Q

Tolerance

A

Process of becoming less responsive to a particular drug over time

2024DM ANCC (48 decks)

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