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2024DM ANCC > Chap. 2 - theoretical basis of care > Flashcards

Chap. 2 - theoretical basis of care Flashcards

1
Q

4 core concepts of the PMHNP role

A

Mental health
Mental illness
Therapeutic relationship
Growth and development

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2
Q

Mental health, defined

A

The totality of the individual’s ability to function in and to interact with the world

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3
Q

Factors that compose mental health

A 
Humor
Productivity
Relationships
Flexibility
Coping
Responsibility
Insight
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4
Q

Mental illness, defined

A

A clinically significant behavioral/psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and that is associated with persistent distress, disability, or risk of death, pain, or important loss of freedom

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5
Q

Therapeutic relationship, defined

A

The mutual experience that forms the context for care

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6
Q

Growth and development, defined

A

The principle of normal adaptive changes that allow an individual to exhibit dynamic changes on both the cellular and social levels

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7
Q

PC names for “mental illness”

A

Psychiatric disorders

Behavioral health disorders

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8
Q

Do mental illnesses have biological basis?

A

Yes they do.

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9
Q

DSM multiaxial system

A 
I - clinical disorders
II - personality disorders and MR
III - general medical conditions relevant to Axis I or II
IV - Psychosocial/environmental problems
V - GAF
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10
Q

Erikson’s Stages of Development (8)

A 
Infancy (0-1)
Early childhood (1-3)
Late childhood (3-6)
School age (6-12)
Adolescence (12-20)
Early adulthood (20-35)
Middle adulthood (35-65)
Late adulthood (>65)
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11
Q

Erikson’s developmental tasks (8)

A 
Infancy = Trust vs Mistrust
Early childhood = Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Late childhood = Initiative vs Guilt
School age = Industry vs Inferiority
Adolescence = Identity vs Role Confusion
Early adulthood = Intimacy vs Isolation
Middle adulthood = Generatively vs Self-absorption or stagnation
Late adulthood = Integrity vs Despair
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12
Q

Trust vs mistrust

A

Infancy, age 0-1. Ability to form meaningful relationships, trust in others.

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13
Q

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

A

Early childhood, age 1-3. Self-control, self-esteem, willpower.

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14
Q

Initiative vs guilt

A

Late childhood, age 3-6. Self-directed behavior, goal formation, sense of purpose.

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15
Q

Industry vs inferiority

A

School age, age 6-12. Ability to work; sense of competency and achievement.

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16
Q

Identity vs role confusion

A

Adolescence, age 12-20. Personal sense of identity.

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17
Q

Intimacy vs isolation

A

Early adulthood, age 20-35. Committed relationships, capacity to love.

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18
Q

Generativity vs self-absorption or stagnation

A

Middle adulthood, age 35-65. Ability to give time and talents to others, ability to care for others.

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19
Q

Integrity vs despair

A

Late adulthood, age >65. Fulfillment and comfort with life, willingness to face death, insight and balanced perspective on life’s events.

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20
Q

MR - typical age of onset

A

Infancy

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21
Q

ADHD - typical age of onset

A

4-6 years

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22
Q

SZO - typical age of onset

A

Men 18-25

Women 25-35

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23
Q

Major depression - typical age of onset

A

Late adolescence to young adulthood

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24
Q

Dementia - typical age of onset

A

Most common after age 85

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25
Q

Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theorist

A

Freud

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26
Q

“All behavior has meaning.” Other than Gestalt, which theory is this?

A

Psychodynamic/Freud

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27
Q

Principle of Psychic Determinism

A

Freud - even apparently meaningless, random, or accidental behavior is motivated by underlying unconscious mental content

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28
Q

Freud’s psychosexual stages of development

A 
Oral:  0-18 months
Anal: 18 months - 3 years
Phallic:  3-6 years
Latency:  6 years - puberty
Genital:  Puberty and beyond
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29
Q

Oral stage

A

0 - 18 months

Sucking, chewing, feeding, crying

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30
Q

Failure of oral stage linked to which disorders?

A

SZO
SUD
Paranoia

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31
Q

Anal stage

A

18 - 36 months

Sphincter control; expulsion and retention

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32
Q

Failure of anal stage linked to which disorders?

A

Depressive

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33
Q

Phallic stage

A

3-6 years

Masturbation, castration anxiety, exhibitionism

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34
Q

Failure of phallic stage linked to which disorders?

A

Sexual identity disorders

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35
Q

Latency stage

A

6 years - puberty

Peer relations, motor skills, socialization

36
Q

Failure of latency stage linked to which disorders?

A

Social relational disorders

37
Q

Genital stage

A

Puberty and beyond

Integration of earlier stages, genital-based sexuality

38
Q

Failure of genital stage linked to which disorders?

A

Sexual perversions

39
Q

Freud’s three primary psychic structures

A

Id, ego, superego

40
Q

Id

A

Primary drives or instincts (hunger, sex, aggression)
Present at birth and motivates the infant
Says “I want”

41
Q

Ego

A

Rational mind
Logical and abstract thinking
Use of defense mechanisms
Says “I think, I evaluate”

42
Q

Superego

A

Sense of conscience or “right-and-wrong”
Aspirations and moral values
Regulated by guilt and shame
Says “I should” or “I ought”

43
Q

Conflict between psychic structures is experienced as…

A

Anxiety

44
Q

Conflict is dealt with through the use of…

A

Defense mechanisms

45
Q

Characteristics of defense mechanisms

A

Unconscious
Used to reduce anxiety
Are fixed in neurosis

46
Q

Denial

A

Avoidance of unpleasant realities by unconsciously ignoring their existence

47
Q

Projection

A

Rejections of unacceptable beliefs or actions by attributing them to other people, situations, or events

48
Q

Regression

A

In response to threat, a return to more comfortable thoughts or behaviors used in earlier stages of development

49
Q

Repression

A

Unconscious exclusion of unwanted thoughts, feelings, or impulses from conscious awareness

50
Q

Suppression

A

Conscious denial of a disturbing situation, feeling, or event

51
Q

Is suppression or repression the more mature defense mechanism?

A

Suppression is more mature, as it is a conscious expulsion of unwanted thoughts

52
Q

Reaction formation

A

Overcompensation

Banishment of unacceptable thoughts or behaviors by displaying and acting on the opposite feeling or behavior

53
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of illogical, unreasonable ideas, feelings, or actions by developing an acceptable explanation the satisfies the person

54
Q

Undoing

A

Behaviors that attempt to make up for (or “undo”) unacceptable feelings or impulses

55
Q

Intellectualization

A

Attempts to master a stressor through expanded knowledge or explanation

56
Q

Sublimation

A

Substitution of socially acceptable, constructive activity for unacceptable impulses

57
Q

Altruism

A

Meeting the needs of others in order to expel one’s own conflicts or stressors

58
Q

Piaget’s theory of development

A

Cognitive theory

59
Q

Cognitive theory states that…

A

Human development evolves through learning and comprehending

60
Q

Piaget - nature, nurture, or both?

A

Both!

61
Q

Piaget’s stages of development (4)

A

Sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
Concrete operations (7-12- years)
Formal operations (12-adult)

62
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Birth - 2 years

Object permanence is the critical achievement (peek-a-boo)

63
Q

Preoperational

A

2 - 7 years

Language, symbolism, magical thinking

64
Q

Concrete operations

A

7 - 12 years

Reversibility and conservation

65
Q

Reversibility

A

In Piaget’s concrete operations, the realization that one thing can change to another and back (water and ice)

66
Q

Conservation

A

In Piaget’s concrete operations, the ability to recognize that while a shape may change its essential characteristics remain the same (clay)

67
Q

Formal operations

A

12 and up

Abstract, formal, logical thought

68
Q

Sullivan’s theory

A

Interpersonal theory

69
Q

Sullivan’s stages of interpersonal development

A

Infancy (birth-18 months) - oral gratification
Childhood (18 months-6 years) - delayed gratification
Juvenile (6-9 years) - forming of peer relations
Preadolescence (9-12) - same-sex relations
Early adolescence (12-14) - opposite-sex relations
Late adolescence (14-21) - self-identity development

70
Q

Sullivan’s infancy developmental task

A

Oral gratification

71
Q

Sullivan’s childhood developmental task

A

Delayed gratification

72
Q

Sullivan’s juvenile developmental task

A

Forming of peer relations

73
Q

Sullivan’s preadolescent developmental task

A

Same-sex relations

74
Q

Sullivan’s early adolescent developmental task

A

Opposite-sex relations

75
Q

Sullivan’s late adolescence developmental task

A

Self-identity development

76
Q

Maslow’s theory

A

Hierarchy of needs

77
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy (5)

A 
Survival needs (water, air, food, sleep)
Safety/security (protection from harm)
Love/belonging (affection and intimacy)
Self-esteem (sense of worth)
Self-actualization (being all one can be)
78
Q

Becker’s model

A

Health belief model (people’s perceptions influence their health behaviors)

79
Q

Trans-theoretical model of change

A

The stages of change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse)

80
Q

Bandera’s theory

A

Social learning theory (also known as self-efficacy theory)

Individuals learn by watching and modeling

81
Q

Leininger’s nursing theory

A

Theory of cultural care

82
Q

Orem’s nursing theory

A

Theory of self-care

83
Q

Parse’s nursing theory

A

Human becoming theory

84
Q

Pender’s nursing theory

A

Health promotion theory

85
Q

Peplau’s nursing theory

A

Therapeutic nurse-client relationship

86
Q

Sister Callista Roy’s nursing theory

A

Theory of adaptation

87
Q

Jean Watson’s nursing theory

A

Caring theory

2024DM ANCC (48 decks)

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