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2024DM ANCC > Chap. 3 - neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavior > Flashcards

Chap. 3 - neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behavior Flashcards

1
Q

The primary function of the nervous system

A

To transfer and exchange information

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2
Q

The basic cellular unit of the nervous system

A

The neuron

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3
Q

What does a neuron do, primarily?

A

Conduct impulses

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4
Q

Three components of the neuron

A

Cell body/soma
Stem/axon
Dendrites

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5
Q

The soma contains…

A

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

The axon (or stem) does what?

A

Transmits signals away from the soma to connect with other neurons and cells

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7
Q

The function of dendrites

A

To collect incoming signals and to send the signal toward the soma

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8
Q

Two divisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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9
Q

Two components of the CNS

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

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10
Q

The PNS connects the CNS to _____, _____, and _____

A

Receptors, muscles, and glands

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11
Q

When the cranial nerves exit the brain stem, they are part of the _____ Nervous System

A

Peripheral

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12
Q

The PNS is composed of two systems:

A

Somatic Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

The somatic nervous system conveys info to _____ _____ and is responsible for _____ _____

A

Skeletal muscles

Voluntary movement

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14
Q

The autonomic nervous system - 3 functions

A

Maintain homeostasis
Convey info from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Responsible for involuntary movement

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15
Q

Autonomic nervous system - two divisions

A

Sympathetic nervous system

Parasympathetic nervous system

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16
Q

Sympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?

A

Excitatory

Increase

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17
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system - excitatory or inhibitory? Increase or decrease organ activity?

A

Inhibitory

Decrease

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18
Q

Sympathetic nervous system is “_____ __ _____” and parasympathetic is “_____ __ _____”

A

Fight or flight

Rest and digest

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19
Q

White matter

A

The myelinated axons of neurons

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20
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve cell bodies and dendrites

The “working area” of the brain containing the synapses

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21
Q

Why is the brain wrinkled?

A

To increase surface area, thus working area and cell communication

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22
Q

Sulci

A

Small shallow grooves on the brain’s surface

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23
Q

Fissures

A

Deeper grooves extending into the brain

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24
Q

Gyri

A

Raised tissue areas on the brain

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25
Q

Two parts of the brain

A

Cerebrum

Brain stem

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26
Q

Which hemisphere of the cerebrum is dominant in most people?

A

The left (it controls right sided movement)

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27
Q

The two hemispheres are connected by the _____ _____, which is composed of _____ matter

A

Corpus callosum

White matter

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28
Q

The four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

A

Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal

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29
Q

Frontal lobe functions include (6)

A 
Motor function (voluntary)
Premotor area (coordination of multiple muscles)
Association cortex (memory and decision making)
Executive function
Expressive speech (Broca's area)
Personality
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30
Q

Executive functioning includes…

A 
Working memory
Reasoning
Planning
Prioritizing
Sequencing behavior
Insight
Judgment
Intelligence
Abstraction
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31
Q

Broca’s area is located in the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech

A

Frontal

Expressive

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32
Q

Wernicke’s area is located on the _____ lobe and is responsible for _____ speech

A

Temporal

Receptive

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33
Q

Injury or problems to the frontal lobe can impact (3)

A

Personality changes
Emotional changes
Intellectual changes

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34
Q

Temporal lobe functions include (5)

A

Receptive speech/language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
Primary auditory area
Memory
Emotion
Integration of vision with other sensory info

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35
Q

Injury or problems in the temporal lobe can lead to (3)

A

Visual or auditory hallucinations
Aphasia
Amnesia

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36
Q

Occipital lobe functions include (2)

A

Primary visual cortex

Integrations of vision with other sensory info

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37
Q

Injury or problems in the occipital lobe can lead to (3)

A

Blindness
Visual field defects
Visual hallucinations

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38
Q

Parietal lobe functions include (3)

A

Primary sensory area
Taste
Reading and writing

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39
Q

Injury or problems in the parietal lobe can lead to (2)

A

Sensory-perceptual disturbances

Agnosia

40
Q

The cerebral cortex primarily controls the _____ that make us “human,” like _____, _____, _____, _____, and _____ _____.

A

Behaviors like speech, cognition, judgment, perception, and motor function.

41
Q

The limbic system is responsible for _____ and _____.

A

Emotion and memory

42
Q

Four components of the limbic system:

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

43
Q

Hypothalamus - name some regulatory functions

A 
Appetite, hunger, thirst
Water balance
Circadian rhythms
Body temperature
Libido
Hormonal regulation
44
Q

Thalamus regulates _____ and _____

A

Emotion and memory

45
Q

Thalamus relays all senses except _____

A

Smell

46
Q

Hippocampus converts _____-_____ _____ into _____-_____ _____

A

short-term memory into long-term memory

47
Q

Amygdala mediates (4)

A

Mood
Fear
Emotion
Aggression

48
Q

Amygdala involved with this one sense

A

Smell

49
Q

Basal ganglia also known as _____ _____

A

Corpus striatum

50
Q

Basal ganglia most closely associated with

A

Somatic motor activity

51
Q

The extrapyramidal motor nerve track is located in the

A

Basal ganglia

52
Q

Problems or injury in the basal ganglia can lead to (3)

A

Bradykinesias
Hyperkinesias
Dystonia

53
Q

Brainstem - 5 areas

A 
Midbrain
Pons
Cerebellum
Medulla
Reticular formation system
54
Q

Midbrain - 2 areas

A

Ventral segmental area

Substantia nigra

55
Q

Dopamine synthesis occurs in the _____ _____

A

Substantia nigra

56
Q

The pons contains the _____ _____, which synthesizes which neurotransmitter?

A

Locus ceruleus

Norepinephrine

57
Q

Medulla works with the pons to control…

A

Autonomic function

Internal body functions

58
Q

Cerebellum controls (3)

A

Equilibrium
Balance
Posture

59
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres have ipsalateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body. The cerebral hemispheres have contralateral control, meaning they control the ____ side of the body.

A

ipsalateral - same side

contralateral - opposite side

60
Q

Test for cerebellar functioning

A

Romberg

61
Q

A positive Romberg test will demonstrate which: balance, or a lack of balance? indicating cerebellar function or dysfunction?

A

Lack of balance

Dysfunction

62
Q

Problem or injury to the cerebellum leads to _____

A

Ataxia

63
Q

The reticular formation is known as the “_____” brain

A

Primitive

64
Q

The reticular formation controls

A 
Involuntary movement
Reflex
Muscle tone
Vitals
BP
RR
65
Q

The reticular formation innervates (3)

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cortex

66
Q

Two types of cells in the nervous system

A

Glia

Neurons

67
Q

Glial function

A

Form the myelin sheath around axons

Provide protection and support

68
Q

Neuron function

A

Conduct impulses

69
Q

Dendrites conduct impulses _____ the cell body, and axons conduct impulses _____ _____ the cell body

A

Toward

Away from

70
Q

Two phases of an action potential

A

Depolarization

Repolarization

71
Q

Depolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response

A

Initial

Excitatory

72
Q

Repolarization is the _____ phase of the action potential; it is an _____ response

A

Restoration

Inhibitory

73
Q

In depolarization, which ions go which direction?

A

Sodium and calcium enter the cell

74
Q

In repolarization, which ions go which direction?

A

Potassium leaves the cell and chloride enters the cell

75
Q

Four categories of neurotransmitters

A

Monoamines
Amino acids
Cholinergics
Neuropeptides

76
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters (4)

A

Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Serotonin

77
Q

Dopamine is produced in the…

A

Substantia nigra of the midbrain

78
Q

Norepinephrine is produced in the…

A

Locus ceruleus of the pons

79
Q

Epinephrine is produced by the…

A

Adrenal glands

80
Q

Serotonin is produced in the…

A

Raphe nuclei of the brainstem

81
Q

Amino acid NTs (4)

A

GABA
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate

82
Q

Cholinergic NT

A

Acetylcholine

83
Q

Neuropeptides - 2 types

A

Nonopioid type

Opioid type

84
Q

Nonopioid type neuropeptides (2)

A

Substance P

Somatostatin

85
Q

Opioid type neuropeptides (3)

A

Endorphins
Enkephalins
Dynorphins

86
Q

Acetylcholine deficiency = (2)

A

Alzheimer’s

Memory deficits

87
Q

Dopamine deficiency =

A

Parkinson’s

88
Q

Dopamine excess =

A

SZO

89
Q

Norepi deficiency =

A

Depression

90
Q

Serotonin deficiency = (3)

A

Depression
OCD
SZO

91
Q

GABA deficiency =

A

Anxiety

92
Q

Glutamate excess =

A

Bipolar

Psychosis

93
Q

Opioid neuropeptide deficiency =

A

Substance abuse

94
Q

Structural imaging tests (2)

A

CT scan

MRI

95
Q

Functional imaging tests (4)

A

EEG
SPECT
PET
MEG (magnetoencephalography)

96
Q

Structural/functional combined tests

A

fMRI
3fEMRI (3-dimensional event-related functional MRI)
Fluorine magnetic spectroscopy
Dopamine D2 receptor binding

2024DM ANCC (48 decks)

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