Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 1108 > Chap. 33 > Flashcards

Chap. 33 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Animals in the phylum Porifera are known informally as …….

A

sponges
-they are filter feeders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do sponges eat

A

Water is drawn through the pores into a central cavity, the spongocoel, and then flows out of the sponge through a larger opening called the osculum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Porifera info list
Common name, Symmetry, Germ layers, Nerves system, feeding syst., gas exchange, circulation, reproduction

A

Primarily Marine; sessile (only larva motile)
* Common name: Sponges
* Germ layers: no true tissues
* Body cavity: no cavity
* Symmetry: Asymmetrical
* Nerves system: none
* Unique feeding system; tiny pores; water flow necessary
* Gas exchange by diffusssion
* Circulation: none, each cells is on its own
* Excretion: diffusion into surrounding envirmonemnt
* Reproduce by both sexual and asexual means, hermaphrodites:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phylum Cnidarians
Common Example, Germ layers, Body cavity, Symmetry, Nerves system

A
  • Common Example: Jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemone
  • Germ layers: two germ layers (diplolastic)
  • Body cavity: no cavity
  • Symmetry: Radial symmetrical
  • Nerves system: Simple net of nerves system but no centralized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

hermaphrodites

A

meaning that each individual functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing sperm and eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

sequential hermaphroditism

A

They function first as one sex and then as the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Whats the basic body plan of a Cnidarian (jellyfish, coral, anemones)

A

a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

A single opening to this cavity functions as both mouth and anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Polyps

A

are cylindrical forms that adhere to the substrate by the aboral end of their body (the end opposite the mouth) and extend their tentacles, waiting for prey.
-many can “walk” on substrate and even detach to “swim” away
-asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are hydras and sea anemones considered

A

Polyps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

medusa

A

resembles a flattened, mouth-down version of the polyp. It moves freely in the water by a combination of passive drifting and contractions of its bell-shaped body.
-jellyfish
-Cnidarians sexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

body wall of a cnidarian==?

A

has two layers of cells, outer layer of epidermis and inner layer of gastrodermis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cnidarian mesoglea===

A

Sandwiched between the epidermis and gastrodermis is a gelatinous layer, the mesoglea.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

cnidarian Digestion===

A

begins in the gastrovascular cavity and is completed inside food vacuoles in the gastrodermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cnidocytes=====

A

cells unique to cnidarians that function in defense and prey capture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

nematocysts

A

Specialized cnidae called nematocysts contain a stinging thread that can penetrate the body surface of the cnidarian’s prey
-Typically have tentacles that contain stinging cells called nematocysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

clade Anthozoa====

A

anemones and corals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

clade Medusozoa

A

All cnidarians that produce a medusa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

flatworms
phylum, germ layer, body cavity

A

-phylum Platyhelminthes
-lophotrochozoan phyla
-are triploblastic but they lack a body cavity (acoelomates)
-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

protonephridia

A

in flatworms, networks of ciliated
tubules that pull fluid through ducts opening to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

acoelomates

A

lack body cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Planarians

A

-Phylum Platyhelminthes
-best-known rhabditophorans (a lineage of flat worms) are Planarians
- Planarians live in fresh water and prey on smaller animals
- Planarians have light-sensitive eyespots and centralized nerve nets
-The planarian nervous system is more complex and centralized than the nerve nets of cnidarians
- Planarians are hermaphrodites and can reproduce sexually, or asexually through fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Two important groups of parasitic rhabditophorans are……

A

the trematodes
and the tapeworms
-Phylum Platyhelminthes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trematodes

A
  • important groups of parasitic rhabditophoran
  • parasitize a wide range of hosts, and most have complex life cycles with alternating sexual and asexual stages
  • Trematodes that parasitize humans spend part of their lives in snail hosts
  • They produce surface proteins that mimic their host and release molecules that manipulate the host’s immune system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Tapeworms

A
  • Phylum Platyhelminthes
    Tapeworms are parasites of vertebrates
  • They do not have a mouth or gastrovascular cavity; instead, they
    absorb nutrients directly from the host’s intestine
  • The scolex contains suckers and hooks for attaching to the host
  • Fertilized eggs, produced by sexual reproduction, leave the host’s body in
    feces
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Rotifers have an alimentary canal

A

a digestive tube with a separate mouth and anus that lies within a fluid-filled pseudocoelom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis

A

in which females produce female offspring from unfertilized eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Annelids

A

-“Segmented worms”
-are coelomates with bodies composed of a series of fused rings
-can be divided into two major clades
* Errantia
* Sedentaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

errantians

A
  • phylum annelida
  • are mobile marine predators or grazers
  • Many errantians have a pair of paddle-like or ridge-like structures called parapodia (“beside feet”) on each body segment
  • Each parapodium has numerous chaetae, bristles made of chitin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sedentarians

A

tend to be less mobile than errantians
* Some species burrow into the substrate, while others live in protective tubes
* Tube-dwelling sedentarians often have elaborate gills or tentacles used for filter feeding
* This clade also contains the leeches and the earthworms

31
Q

leeches

A
  • phylum annelida
  • Most species of leeches live in fresh water; some are marine or terrestrial
  • Leeches include predators of invertebrates and parasites that suck blood
  • Some parasitic leeches slit the skin of their host and secrete an anesthetic
    to prevent detection
  • They secrete another chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from
    coagulating
32
Q

Earthworms

A
  • phylum annelida
  • Earthworms eat through soil, extracting nutrients as the soil moves
    through the alimentary canal
  • Earthworms are hermaphrodites but cross-fertilize
  • Some reproduce asexually by fragmentation
33
Q

Four of the major classes of molluscs are……..

A
  • Polyplacophora (chitons)
  • Gastropoda (snails and slugs)
  • Bivalvia (clams, oysters, and other bivalves)
  • Cephalopoda (squids, octopuses, cuttlefish, and
    chambered nautiluses)
    -Molluscs are soft-bodied animals, but most are protected by a calcium
    carbonate shell
34
Q

Molluscs three main parts

A
  • Muscular foot
  • Visceral mass
  • Mantle
  • Many molluscs also have a water-filled mantle cavity and feed using a
    strap like radula
35
Q

What qualities make for a good gas exchange surface? (3)

A
  • large surface area
  • Thin and moist
  • Highly vascularized
  • Molluscs are our first animals to have specialized gas exchange surfaces
36
Q

Chitons

A
  • Phylum Mollusca
    Chitons are oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of eight dorsal plates
  • They use their foot like a suction cup to grip rock, and their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface
37
Q

gastropods

A
  • Phylum Mollusca (snails)
    About three-quarters of all living species of molluscs are gastropods
  • Most are marine, but there are many freshwater and terrestrial species
  • Gastropods move slowly by a rippling motion of the foot or by cilia
  • Most gastropods have a single, spiraled shell that functions in protection from injury, dehydration, and predation
  • Most are herbivores, but some species use modified radula to feed on prey
38
Q

Bivalves

A

-Phylum Mollusca
Bivalves are aquatic and include many species of clams, oysters, mussels, and
scallops
* They have a shell divided into two halves drawn together by adductor muscles
* Some bivalves have eyes and sensory tentacles along the edge of their mantle

39
Q

Cephalopods

A
  • Phylum Mollusca
  • Cephalopods are active marine predators with beak-like jaws surrounded by tentacles (squid, octocpus, etc.)
  • They are able to immobilize prey with a poison present in their saliva
  • The foot is modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and part of the tentacles
  • The shell is reduced and internal or missing in most species, except the chambered nautiluses
    -Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed sense organs, and a complex brain
40
Q

invertebrate Importance

A
  • 95-99% of all species
  • Pollination
  • Recycling
  • Food in many cultures
  • Food webs
  • Maintenance of ecological communities
    *
41
Q

arthropod

A
  • The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body, hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages
  • This body plan dates to the Cambrian explosion (535–525 million years ago)
  • Early arthropods show little variation from segment to segment
  • open circulatory system
42
Q

arthropod general characteristics (5)

A
  • These modified appendages (limbs) are jointed and come in pairs
  • The body of an arthropod is completely covered by the cuticle, an exoskeleton made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin
  • When an arthropod grows, it molts its exoskeleton
  • Arthropods have eyes, olfactory receptors, and antennae that function in touch and smell
  • Arthropods have an open circulatory system in which hemolymph is circulated into the spaces surrounding the tissues and organs
  • A variety of organs specialized for gas exchange have evolved in arthropods
43
Q

arthropods exoskeleton advantages

A

-helped be among the first to colonize land
- relatively impermeable to water to prevent desiccation
- Its strength provided support without reliance on the buoyancy of water

44
Q

the three major arthropod lineages

A
  • Chelicerates (sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites, and spiders)
  • Myriapods (centipedes and millipedes)
  • Pancrustaceans (lobsters and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their relatives)
45
Q

Chelicerates

A
  • arthropod lineage
  • Chelicerates, clade Chelicerata, are named for clawlike feeding appendages called chelicerae
  • The earliest chelicerates were eurypterids (water scorpions)
  • Most marine chelicerates (including eurypterids) are extinct, but some species survive today, including horseshoe crabs
46
Q

Most modern chelicerates are…. (4)

A

arachnids, which include spiders,
scorpions, ticks, and mites

47
Q

Arachnids have six pairs of appendages:

A

the chelicerae; the pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs

48
Q

Gas exchange in spiders occurs in respiratory organs called….

A

book lungs

49
Q

The clade Myriapoda includes

A
  • arthropod lineage
    millipedes and centipedes
    -All living myriapods are terrestrial
  • They have a pair of antennae and three pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts
50
Q

Millipedes vs Centipedes

A

-Millipedes eat decaying leaves and plant matter
* Millipedes have many legs, with two pairs per trunk segment

-Centipedes are carnivores
* Centipedes have one pair of legs per
trunk segment
* Poison claws on the foremost trunk
segment paralyze prey and aid in defense

51
Q

Isopods

A

Isopods are one of the largest groups of crustaceans and include pill bugs, a well-known group of terrestrial isopods

52
Q

Decapods

A

Decapods are all relatively large crustaceans and include lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and shrimp

53
Q

Planktonic crustaceans

A

Planktonic crustaceans include many species of copepods, which are
among the most numerous of all animals

54
Q

Barnacles

A

Barnacles are a group of mostly sessile crustaceans
* They have a cuticle that is hardened into a calcium carbonate shell

55
Q

Crustacean groups (4)

A

Isopods, Decapods, Planktonic crustaceans, Barnacles

56
Q

Hexapoda

A

is an enormous clade including insects and their relatives
-Insects evolved flight without sacrificing a pair of walking legs because
wings are an extension of the cuticle

57
Q

metamorphosis

A

Insects with complete metamorphosis have larval stages known by such names as maggot, grub, or caterpillar
-The larval stage looks entirely different from the adult stage

58
Q

incomplete metamorphosis in insects

A

the young, called nymphs, resemble adults but
are smaller and go through a series of molts until they reach full size
* After the final molt, the wings develop and the insect becomes sexually mature

59
Q

insect Fertilization

A

Fertilization is generally internal
* In some species copulation occurs; in others, the male deposits a sperm
packet that the female picks up
 Eggs are generally laid on a food source

60
Q

echinoderms

A

-include sea stars and sea urchins
-echinoderms are slow-moving or sessile
marine animals
* A thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates
* Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding
* Males and females are usually separate, and sexual reproduction is external

61
Q

echinoderms appearance

A

Most adult echinoderms appear to have radial symmetry with
multiples of five
* Their symmetry is not truly radial; the opening of the water
vascular system is not central
* Echinoderm larvae have bilateral symmetry
-include sea stars and sea urchins

62
Q

sea stars

A

-in the clade Asteroidea
Sea stars have multiple arms radiating from a central disk
* The undersurface of each arm bears tube feet, which grip a
substrate with adhesive chemicals
* Sea stars feed on bivalves by prying them open with their tube
feet, everting their stomach, and digesting their prey externally
with digestive enzymes
* Sea stars can regrow lost arms

63
Q

Living echinoderms are divided into five clades

A
  • Asteroidea (sea stars and sea daisies)
  • Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
  • Echinoidea (sea urchins and sand dollars)
  • Crinoidea (sea lilies and feather stars)
  • Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
64
Q

Sea daisies

A

are a group of armless species in the clade Asteroidea; only
three species are known
* Sea daisies live on submerged wood and absorb nutrients through a membrane that surrounds their body

65
Q

Ophiuroidea

A

Brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms that they
use for movement
* Some species are suspension feeders, while others are predators or scavengers

66
Q

Echinoidea

A
  • Sea urchins and sand dollars have no arms but have five rows of tube feet
  • Sea urchins also use their spines for locomotion and protection
  • Sea urchins feed on seaweed using a jaw-like structure on their underside
  • Sea urchins are roughly symmetrical; sand dollars are flat disks
67
Q

Crinoidea

A
  • (sea lilies and Feather stars)
  • Sea lilies live attached to the substrate by a stalk
  • Feather stars can crawl using long, flexible arms
  • Both use their arms in suspension feeding
  • Crinoidea have changed little over the course of evolution
68
Q

Holothuroidea

A

Sea cucumbers lack spines, have a very reduced endoskeleton, and do not look much like other echinoderms
* Sea cucumbers have five rows of tube feet; some of these are developed as feeding tentacles

69
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Phylum Chordata consists of two basal groups of invertebrates as well as vertebrates
* Chordates are bilaterally symmetrical coelomates with segmented bodies
* Chordates did not evolve from echinoderms, but have evolved separately from them for at least 500 million years

70
Q

Phylum Cnidarians
example, germ layers, body cavity, symmetry, nervous system

A
  • Common Example: Jellyfish, hydra, coral, sea anemone
  • Germ layers: two germ layers (diplolastic)
  • Body cavity: no cavity
  • Symmetry: Radial symmetrical
  • Nerves system: Simple net of nerves system but no centralized
71
Q

Importance of invertebrates (6)

A
  • 95-99% of all species
  • Pollination
  • Recycling
  • Food in many cultures
  • Food webs
  • Maintenance of ecological communities
  • ,
72
Q

The bilaterians are divided into three clades:

A

Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa,
and Lophotrochozoa

73
Q

Ecdysozoa

A

Ecdysozoa secrete external skeletons
* As they grow, they shed their exoskeletons through a process called ecdysis

Bio 1108 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions