chap. 29 Flashcards
vascular tissue
cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body
vascular plants
have a complex vascular tissue system
seeds
an embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients inside a protective coat
what groups are seed plants divided into?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
bryophytes
Nonvascular plants are often informally called bryophytes
Gymnosperms
“naked seed” plants because their seeds are not enclosed in chambers
Angiosperms
a huge clade consisting of all flowering plants; their seeds develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
bryophyte phyla dominant life cycle stage
haploid gametophytes are the dominant stage of the life cycle
protonema
mass of green, branched, one-cell-thick filaments. has a large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals
rhizoids
-Bryophyte gametophytes are anchored to the ground by rhizoids
-long, tubular single cells (in liverworts and hornworts) or filaments of cells (in mosses)
gametangia
multicellular structures that produce gametes and are covered by protective tissue (in Bryophyte gametophytes)
archegonia
Female Bryophyte gametangia (produce one egg)
antheridia
male Bryophyte gametangia (produce many sperm which usually need a film of water to reach the egg)
brood bodies
smallplantlets that detach from the parent plant and grow into new, genetically identical copies of their parent
what do bryophyte sporophytes rely on?
bryophyte sporophyte remains attached to its parental gametophyte throughout the sporophyte’s lifetime, dependent on the gametophyte for supplies of sugars, amino acids, minerals, and water
bryophyte sporophyte parts
-foot absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte.
-seta (plural, setae), or stalk, conducts these materials to the sporangium
-sporangium also called a capsule, which produces spores by meiosis.
bryophyte sporophyte peristome
“teeth” that open under dry conditions and close again when it is moist so spores can be carried in wind
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fern gametophytes
tiny structures that often grow on or just below the soil surface.
Xylem
Xylem conducts most of the water and minerals and have tracheids
tracheids
tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up from the roots
lignified xylem
their cell walls are strengthened by the polymer lignin
phloem
has cells arranged into tubes that distribute sugars, amino acids, and other organic products; these cells are alive at functional maturity.
roots
evolved in sporophytes of almost all vascular plants. organs that absorb water and nutrients from the soil
Leaves
structures that serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants
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sporophylls
modified leaves that bear spores (sporangia)
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homosporous
They have one type of sporophyll bearing one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore
heterosporous
has two types of sporophylls, called megasporophylls and microsporophylls
megaspore
spores that develop into female gametophytes
Microsporophylls have microsporangia which produce _____ and ______.
megaspore and microspores
microspores
smaller spores that develop into male gametophytes
