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Bio 1108 > Chap. 32 > Flashcards

Chap. 32 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

tissues

A

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

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2
Q

cleavage

A

after fertilization forms a zygote, a succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between the divisions
-animal sexual reproduction

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3
Q

blastula

A

cleavage leads to the formation of a multicellular embryonic stage called a blastula, which in many animals takes the form of a hollow ball

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4
Q

gastrulation

A

the layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced creating a Gastrula
- after blastula

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5
Q

larva

A

a sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult, usually eats different food, and may even have a different habitat than the adult

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6
Q

metamorphosis

A

Animal larvae eventually undergo metamorphosis, a developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature.

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7
Q

defining characteristics of animals

A

muscle and nerve cells are central to the animal lifestyle.

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8
Q

collagen

A

proteins external to the cell membrane that provide structural support to animal cells and connect them to one another

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9
Q

Hox genes

A

regulate the development of
body form
-make sure right body parts form in the right places

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10
Q

choanoflagellates

A

the closest living relatives of animals

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11
Q

Ediacaran

A

early group of mostly soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes
-early animal fossil record

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12
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

(535–525 million years ago) marks the earliest fossil appearance of many major groups of living animals
-Ediacaran life-forms declined

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13
Q

bilaterians

A

most of the fossils from the Cambrian explosion are of bilaterians
-have the following
traits:
* Bilaterally symmetric form
* Complete digestive tract
* One-way digestive system

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14
Q

Arthropods

A

were the first animals to adapt to terrestrial habitats

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15
Q

Paleozoic Era (541–252 Million Years Ago)

A

cambrian explosion

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16
Q

Mesozoic Era (252–66 Million Years Ago)

A

Coral reefs emerged, dinosaurs were the dominant terrestrial
vertebrates, The first mammals emerged, Flowering plants and insects diversified

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17
Q

Cenozoic Era (66 Million Years Ago to the Present)

A

mass extinctions of both
terrestrial and marine animals, rise of large mammalian herbivores

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18
Q

body plan

A

a particular set of morphological and developmental traits that are integrated into a functional whole

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19
Q

radial symmetry

A

the type of symmetry found in a
flowerpot
- have not and bottom but no front, back, left, or right.

20
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

The two-sided symmetry of a shovel
-humans

21
Q

bilateral symmetry different sides

A

dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
* A right and left side
* Anterior (front) and posterior (back) ends

22
Q

whatre the germ layers

A

Ectoderm, Endoderm,

23
Q

Ectoderm

A

the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

24
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost germ layer and lines the developing
digestive tube, called the archenteron

25
Q

Diploblastic animals

A

have only ectoderm and endoderm
* These include cnidarians and a few other groups

26
Q

Triploblastic animals

A

have ectoderm and endoderm and also have an intermediate tissue layer called mesoderm

27
Q

mesoderm

A

fills much of the space between the ectoderm and endoderm

28
Q

All bilaterally symmetrical animals have…. and are called….

A
  • a mesoderm
  • triploblastic
29
Q

body cavity

A

a fluid- or air-filled space located between the digestive tract (endoderm) and the outer body wall (ectoderm)

30
Q

coelom

A

a body cavity that forms from tissue derived from mesoderm

31
Q

coelomates

A

Animals possessing coeloms are sometimes called coelomates

32
Q

hemocoel

A

a body cavity that forms between the mesoderm and endoderm

33
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

Animals with only a hemocoel once were called pseudocoelomates

34
Q

acoelomates

A

triploblastic animals lack a body cavity altogether

35
Q

Protostome development

A

develop mouth first then anus
-spiral and determinate development

36
Q

Deuterostome development

A

develop anus first then mouth
-humans
-radial and indeterminate development

37
Q

body cavity functions

A
  • Fluid cushions the suspended organs
  • Fluid acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work
  • The cavity enables internal organs to grow and move
    independently of the outer body wall
38
Q

determinate cleavage

A

development rigidly casts (“determines”) the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early

39
Q

indeterminate cleavage

A

meaning that each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo

40
Q

archenteron

A

During gastrulation, an embryo’s developing digestive tube initially forms as a blind pouch, the archenteron, which becomes the gut

41
Q

deuterostome coelom development

A

the mesoderm buds from the wall of the archenteron to form the coelom

42
Q

protostome coelom development

A

the splitting of solid masses of mesoderm forms the coelom

43
Q

blastopore

A

forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron
to the exterior of the gastrula

44
Q

what does the blastopore become in protostome vs deuterostome

A
  • In protostome development, the blastopore becomes the mouth
  • In deuterostome development, the blastopore
45
Q

Five important points about the relationships among living animals are….

A
  • All animals share a common ancestor
  • Sponges are the sister group to all other animals
  • Eumetazoa (“true animals”) is a clade of animals with tissues
  • Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria
  • There are three major clades of bilaterian animals, all of which are
    invertebrates, animals that lack a backbone, except Chordata, which
    includes vertebrates, animals with a backbone

Bio 1108 (11 decks)

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