Chap. 30 Flashcards
Dominance in seedless vascular plants
Sporophyte
dominance in seed plants
Sporophyte
dominance in non-vascular plants
Gametophyte
integument
A layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium
Ovule
The whole structure—megasporangium, megaspore, and their integument(s)
pollen grain
a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall.
pollination
The transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules
seeds vs spores
seeds- multicellular
spores- usually single celled
conifers
Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called conifers, such as pines, firs, and redwoods
angiosperms
seed plants with the reproductive structures called flowers and fruits
-Commonly known as flowering plants
flower
is a unique angiosperm structure that is specialized for sexual reproduction
what are the four types of modified leaves called floral organs
sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels
sepals
at the base and are usually green and enclose the flower before it opens
petals
brightly colored in most flowers and can aid in attracting pollinators
Stamens
anther and filament
-microsporophylls: They produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
stamen parts
a stalk called the filament and a terminal sac, the anther, where pollen is produced.
Carpels
are megasporophylls: They produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes.
carpel parts
the tip of the carpel is a sticky stigma that receives pollen. A style leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel, the ovary; the ovary contains one or more ovules.
pistil
used to refer to a single carpel (a simple pistil) or two or more fused carpels
radial symmetry
any line through the center divides the flower into two equal parts
Bilateral symmetry
the flower can only be divided into two equal parts by a single line
fruit
the ovary wall thickens and the ovary matures
-protects the seed and helps in dispersal
Dry fruit examples
beans, nuts, and grains
embryo sac
Female Gametophyte
-consists of only a few cells, one of which is the egg.
cross-pollination
transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species
micropyle
a pore in the integuments of the ovule, and discharges two sperm cells into the female gametophyte (embryo sac)
-opening in the embryo sac
double fertilization
One sperm fertilizes the egg, forming a diploid zygote. The other sperm fuses with the two nuclei in the large central cell of the female gametophyte, producing a triploid cell (3n)
-unique to angiosperms.
cotyledons
when the zygote develops into a sporophyte embryo with a rudimentary root and one or two seed leaves
-after double fertilization
-plant born has one or two leaves when it first appears above the ground
endosperm
what the The triploid central cell of the female gametophyte develops into
-after double fertilization
- “food” for the embryo in the seed
- tissue rich in starch and other food
monocots
flowering plant Species with one cotyledon
Dicots
flowering plant Species with two cotyledon
basal angiosperms
Amborella, water lilies, and star anise and relatives
-they diverged from other angiosperms early in the history of the group
eudicots
vast majority of species once categorized as dicots form a large clade called eudicots
-2 cotyledons, net like veins, circular vascular tissue, have main root, pedals in x4 or x5, 3 openings in pollen grain
