chap. 31

Question 1

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Answer 1

extend arbuscules through the root cell wall and into tubes formed by invagination of the root cell plasma membrane
-symbiotic relationship with plants
-inside plant cells

Question 2

spores

Answer 2

haploid cells that form new mycelia after germinating

Question 3

pheromones

Answer 3

Sexual reproduction often begins when hyphae from two mycelia release signaling molecules (pheromones)

Question 4

plasmogamy

Answer 4

The union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia

Question 5

heterokaryon

Answer 5

haploid nuclei contributed by each parent do not fuse right away. Instead, parts of the fused mycelium contain coexisting, genetically different nuclei

Question 6

dikaryotic

Answer 6

when the haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell, one from each parent
-dont fuse

Question 7

karyogamy

Answer 7

the haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells. Meiosis then restores the haploid condition

Question 8

molds

Answer 8

filamentous fungi that produce (haploid) spores by mitosis, call molds if they form visible mycelia

Question 9

deuteromycetes…..

Answer 9

Mycologists have traditionally lumped all fungi lacking sexual reproduction into a group

Question 10

opisthokonts

Answer 10

refers to the posterior (opistho-) location of the flagellum in these organisms. the fungi, the animals, and their protistan relatives
-Fungi, animals, and their protistan
relatives

Question 11

nucleariids

Answer 11

amoebas that feed on algae and bacteria
-unicellular protists

Question 12

chytrids

Answer 12

are ubiquitous in lakes and soil
-phylum Chytridiomycota
-have flagellated spores called Zoospores

Question 13

zoospores

Answer 13

Nearly all chytrids have flagellated spores (zoospores)

Question 14

mucoromycetes

Answer 14

750 known fungi in the phylum mucoromycota (fast-growing molds responsible for causing foods such as bread to rot in storage)

Question 14

Zoopagomycetes

Answer 14

form filamentous hyphae and reproduce asexually by producing nonflagellated spores

Question 15

zygosporangium

Answer 15

Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure that are resistant to freezing and drying and are metabolically inactive. represents 2n but is not diploid

Question 16

ascomycetes

Answer 16

fungi in the phylum Ascomycota, The defining feature of ascomycetes is the production of spores (called ascospores) in saclike asci

Question 17

asci

Answer 17

saclike spores produced by ascomycota. contained in ascocarps

Question 18

how do Ascomycetes reproduce using spores?

Answer 18

asexually by producing enormous numbers of asexual spores called conidia

Question 19

basidiomycetes (club fungi)

Answer 19

-decomposers of wood
-About 50,000 species, including mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

Question 20

basidiocarps

Answer 20

the mycelium reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting bodies (in basidiomycete)

Question 21

endophytes

Answer 21

live inside leaves or other plant parts without causing harm

Question 22

lichen

Answer 22

a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and a fungus
-can reproduce asexually and sexually

Question 23

soredia

Answer 23

small clusters of hyphae with embedded algae (lichen asexual reproduction)

Question 24

mycosis

Answer 24

The general term for an infection in an animal by a fungal parasite

Question 25

Coenocytic Fungi

Answer 25

lack septa

Question 26

Haustoria

Answer 26

modified hyphae that allows nutrients to be extracted from plants

Question 27

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi

Answer 27

form sheaths of hyphae over surface of root
-dont penetrate root cells