Chap 18 & 19 Imitation and Shaping Flashcards

1
Q

Imitation

A

Must immediately follow the presentation of the model; the model and the behavior must have formal similarity; the model must be the controlling variable for an imitative behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Model

A

Any physical movement that precedes (and evokes) imitative behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Planned model

A

Pre-arranged or contrived antecedent stimuli that help learners acquire new skills, or shape up existing skills.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Formal similarity

A

model and the behavior physically resemble each other and are in the same sense mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prerequisite skills for imitation training

A

Staying seated; looking at teacher; keeping hands in lap; looking at objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Components of imitation training

A

Preassessment: present 3 models 3 times in random order to determine which one needs to be taught
Training: repeated presentation of one model; when learner responses to the model without prompting for 5 consecutive trials, post assessment
Post assessment: present 3 times each, 5 previously learned models and 5 models still in imitation training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Guidelines for imitation training

A
  1. Keep sessions active and brief
  2. Reinforce prompted and imitative responses
  3. Pair verbal praise and attention with tangible reinforcers
  4. If progress breaks down, back up and move ahead slowly
  5. Measure and record learner’s performance and review data
  6. Fade out verbal response prompts and physical guidance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Shaping

A

differentially reinforcing successive approximations toward a terminal behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Terminal behavior

A

The end product of shaping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differential reinforcement

A

a procedure in which reinforcement is provided for responses that share a predetermined dimension or quality, and in which reinforcement is withheld for responses that do not demonstrate that quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If after the parent reinforced, “Pasta, please.” All of the following requests contained polite words, we could say that a new response class of “asking using polite words” had emerged. This emergence of a new response class is called

A

Response differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Successive approximations

A

gradually changing criterion for reinforcement during shaping results in a succession of new response classes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Shaping teaches ____ behavior

A

New

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Limitations of shaping

A
  1. Time-consuming
  2. Progression toward terminal behavior is not always linear
  3. Consistent monitoring of the learner is required
  4. Shaping can be misapplied
  5. Harmful behavior can be shaped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Enhancing shaping

A
  1. Pair with a discriminative stimulus
  2. Physical guidance
  3. Use an imitative prompt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Steps in shaping

A
  1. Select and define the terminal behavior
  2. Determine the criterion for success
  3. Analyze the response class to identify the approximations that might be emitted in the shaping sequence
  4. Identify the first behavior to reinforce (behavior should already occur at some minimum frequency and should be a member of the targeted response class)
  5. Eliminate interfering or extraneous stimuli
  6. Proceed in gradual stages
  7. Limit the number of approximations at each level
  8. Continue to reinforce when terminal behavior is achieved