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AP World History (Old) > Changes and Second-Wave Civilizations; State and Empire in Eurasia and North Africa (500 B.C.E. -> 500 C.E.) > Flashcards

Changes and Second-Wave Civilizations; State and Empire in Eurasia and North Africa (500 B.C.E. -> 500 C.E.) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some Second-Wave Civilizations that collapsed?

A

The Mayan Civilizations, Han China, the Olmec Civilizations, and some more.

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2
Q

What is a very important topic to focus on in this period of history?

A

The differences and changes in civilizations, these things can tell us why some civilizations collapsed and why many didn’t.

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3
Q

What is China very famous for doing during this time period?

A

Making tons of inventions, they made things like silk-handling machines and gunpowder.

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4
Q

What important things developed during this time period all around the world?

A

Many trade routes, alliances, languages, writing techniques, technologies, and cultures.

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5
Q

Why is the United States sometimes compared to Rome?

A

Like Rome, the United States is the most powerful and owns a lot of land (and has the ability to conquer more places.) Many think that the US might have the same fate as Rome.

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6
Q

What is an Empire?

A

A huge area of land generaly ruled by one Emperor.

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7
Q

What are some distinctive features of early Chinese government?

A

Had exams to determine political positions, Confucianism/Daoism, focused on a “Mandate of Heaven” concept, strong hierarchy, rebelling peasants.

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8
Q

What are some distinctive features of South Asian Civilizations?

A

Frequent political fragmentation, Hinduism/Buddhism, social position based off of “spiritual development.”

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9
Q

What are some distinctive features of Middle Eastern Civilizations?

A

Zoroastrianism/Judaism/Christianity, great tension with Greeks

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10
Q

What are some distinctive features of Mediterranean Civilizations?

A

Greek and Roman empires, Greek rationalism and Christianity, very high slave use

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11
Q

What are some characteristics of the Persian Empire?

A

It is one of the largest empires of all time and it spread a lot of culture and many ideas.

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12
Q

What happened in the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars?

A

Surprising to many, the Greeks actually defeated the much larger Persian Empire on both land and sea.

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13
Q

What was the Peloponnesian (civil) War?

A

A civil war in Greece where Sparta defeated and took over Athens.

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14
Q

What happened shortly after the Peloponnesian War?

A

The weakened Greek empire was invaded by the Macedonians.

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15
Q

What happened to Greece during it’s control by Macedonia?

A

Macedonia unified Greece politically.

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16
Q

What very famous conquest happened during Macedonian control of Greece?

A

Alexander the Great went on a ten-year expedition where he conquered all Persian lands.

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17
Q

What happened when Alexander the Great died?

A

All of the land he conquered was split up and taken by three Macedonian generals.

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18
Q

What was a good result of Alexander the Great’s conquest?

A

His conquest resulted in one of the greatest cultural spreads of all time.

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19
Q

What is the Hellenistic Era?

A

A long time period where Greek power and influence was at its peak.

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20
Q

What started to happen in non-primarily-Greek areas after Alexander’s conquest?

A

There was a lot of inequality (people weren’t being payed because they weren’t Greek, for example) and things like this caused a lot of rebellion.

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21
Q

What was a huge impact of mass urbanization and the wide-scale use of farms?

A

Many new diseases such as smallpox and the famous bubonic plague arose from all of the animals and dirtiness.

22
Q

What were some of the important developments made during this time?

A

The invention of saddles, wheels, more advanced architecture, Greek drama, better boats, the Greek and Latin languages, and much more!

23
Q

What was a huge political development that was made during this time?

A

The first republic and democratic systems.

24
Q

How did Rome start up and how did it grow?

A

It started as a very small and poor city, but it eventually grew. The monarchy was overthrown and starting at about 500BC the empire started conquering nearby areas.

25
Q

What are Plebeians?

A

Poor people.

26
Q

What were some results of Rome’s big conquest?

A

Many people could become soldiers which was a good job opportunity but Rome also turned into a warrior-society, which meant less equality for women.

27
Q

What happened in Roman society soon after the start of the Common Era?

A

Women started to be treated more equally, and they were more free in what they could do.

28
Q

What happened to Rome’s political system later on?

A

It became an empire; it was ruled by an emperor instead of a republic now.

29
Q

What is Pax Romana?

A

A small time period, which in latin means “Roman peace.”

30
Q

What is Confucianism?

A

A Chinese belief system based off of Confucius’s philosophies.

31
Q

What are the Analects?

A

Documents containing all of Confucius’s teachings.

32
Q

What is Confucius’s philosophy based on?

A

A big family, where elders must be respected, for example.

33
Q

What is Daoism?

A

A belief system where the universe is governed by Dao, an invisible and all-powerful force.

34
Q

What is a rather strange characteristic about Daoists?

A

They seek harmony so they practically ignore politics and they don’t desire anything.

35
Q

What is the Yin-Yang?

A

A famous Daoist symbol that represents balance.

36
Q

What is Christianity?

A

A very popular religion created by Jesus that is based off of Judaism.

37
Q

How did Christianity become popular and what important events occurred?

A

It became popular with poor people and commoners (I wonder why) and many people started believing in it because miracles happened.

38
Q

What is the Bible?

A

A big old book that contains the stories of God and other christian peoples.

39
Q

What big split occurred in Christianity?

A

The Orthodox group was created by Easterners and many followed it.

40
Q

What mathematical advancements were made between 600 and 200 B.C.E.?

A

The decimal system, the concepts of ‘pi’ and ‘zero,’ and Arabic numerals; to name some.

41
Q

Why did it take much less time to form the Chinese Empire compared to other empires?

A

The area that eventually turned into the empire was already mostly Chinese, it was just scattered apart and not unified.

42
Q

How long did it take the Qin to reunite China?

A

About 10 years.

43
Q

How was the Roman Empire different on different sides of it? (different lifestyles)

A

In some of the Empire everything kept its Greek roots with it but in other areas it was very urban, which was new for Europe.

44
Q

How did Rome collapse?

A

The empire’s west half crumbled while the east lasted much longer.

45
Q

Why did China collapse?

A

Living conditions became very bad at one point and this caused the Yellow Turban Rebellion in 184 C.E.

46
Q

What were some reasons why both China and Rome collapsed?

A

Barbarians, disease, religious disagreement, harsh living conditions, and the erosion of state authority by factions and nobles.

47
Q

Why did Indus Valley Civilization collapse?

A

It was eventually invaded by the Aryans (we don’t know for sure, but this is widely accepted)

48
Q

What was the Mauryan Empire?

A

An empire established in India that didn’t last for very long.

49
Q

Who is Ashoka (India)?

A

One of the Mauryan Empire rulers, he famously wrote many things on stone all over India.

50
Q

What is the Gupta Empire?

A

Another short-lasting empire that started up after the Mauryan Empire ended.

51
Q

What were some advancements made during the time of these second-wave civilizations? (writing and architecture)

A

New writing types, many poems and books and plays and such, philosophy, and new Greek and Roman architecture styles.

52
Q

What is Cultural Borrowing?

A

The borrowing of another culture’s styles/ideas.

AP World History (Old) (13 decks)

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