Ch9 Temperament and personality Development Flashcards
Temperament is?
- Individual differences in behavioral functioning
- biologically based
- stable over time
There are how many dimensions of temperament?
9
Emerging adulthood
Phase in the lifespan between adolescence and young adulthood
Attachment is?
Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a special individual
Why do infants become attached? Feeding
Psychoanalytic theory- mom satisfies baby’s oral needs
Behaviorism - mom is relief from hunger
Why do infants become attached? Ethology
Adaptive functions of animal behaviors
Why do infants become attached? Imprinting
Ducks and geese follow the first large object they see
Why do infants become attached? Harlow and Zimmerman study.
Monkeys ran to cloth surrogate
Why do infants become attached? Bowlbys ethological theory
Influenced by ethology- attachment is adaptive
Psychoanalysis- attachment provides model for future relationships
How do we know an infant is attached? (5)
Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, social referencing, greetings, secure base behavior
How is attachment quality assessed in children?
Ainsworth’s strange situation, series of separations and reunions, stranger introduced
How does North Germany treat children?
More avoidant and emphasize independence
How does Japan treat children?
More ambivalent, separations are rare
Infants decode facial and vocal expressions by:
first 6-8 weeks
4m, 5m, 7m
Social referencing first occurs ?
8-9months
What is social referencing?
Intentional search for cues
How does social referencing aid?
Aids in understanding others behavior in context.
Emotional self regulation?
Increases during adolescence . How to deal with emotions
What strategies exist for emotional regulation? (2)
- Reappraise events that produce emotional responses.
- Suppressing troubling emotions
Adolescent depression, how common?
25% report being sad for 2-3 weeks
3% major depression
Factors in adolescent suicide? (5)
- Depression
- Family conflicts
- History of abuse,
- Drug and alcohol abuse
- Availability of guns
What makes young adults happy? Happiest memories is?
psychological needs rather than material needs satisfied
What makes young adults happy? Unhappiest memories
Basic psychological needs left unfulfilled.
What describes a friend?
- Similar in age, gender, race
- Similar attitudes toward school, recreation, and future.
- Similar in personalities, popularity, and prosocial behavior
