Ch9 Temperament and personality Development

Question 1

Temperament is?

Answer 1

• Individual differences in behavioral functioning
• biologically based
• stable over time

Question 2

There are how many dimensions of temperament?

Answer 2

9

Question 3

Emerging adulthood

Answer 3

Phase in the lifespan between adolescence and young adulthood

Question 4

Attachment is?

Answer 4

Positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a special individual

Question 5

Why do infants become attached? Feeding

Answer 5

Psychoanalytic theory- mom satisfies baby’s oral needs

Behaviorism - mom is relief from hunger

Question 6

Why do infants become attached? Ethology

Answer 6

Adaptive functions of animal behaviors

Question 7

Why do infants become attached? Imprinting

Answer 7

Ducks and geese follow the first large object they see

Question 8

Why do infants become attached? Harlow and Zimmerman study.

Answer 8

Monkeys ran to cloth surrogate

Question 9

Why do infants become attached? Bowlbys ethological theory

Answer 9

Influenced by ethology- attachment is adaptive

Psychoanalysis- attachment provides model for future relationships

Question 10

How do we know an infant is attached? (5)

Answer 10

Separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, social referencing, greetings, secure base behavior

Question 11

How is attachment quality assessed in children?

Answer 11

Ainsworth’s strange situation, series of separations and reunions, stranger introduced

Question 12

How does North Germany treat children?

Answer 12

More avoidant and emphasize independence

Question 13

How does Japan treat children?

Answer 13

More ambivalent, separations are rare

Question 14

Infants decode facial and vocal expressions by:

Answer 14

first 6-8 weeks

4m, 5m, 7m

Question 15

Social referencing first occurs ?

Answer 15

8-9months

Question 16

What is social referencing?

Answer 16

Intentional search for cues

Question 17

How does social referencing aid?

Answer 17

Aids in understanding others behavior in context.

Question 18

Emotional self regulation?

Answer 18

Increases during adolescence . How to deal with emotions

Question 19

What strategies exist for emotional regulation? (2)

Answer 19

• Reappraise events that produce emotional responses.

- Suppressing troubling emotions

Question 20

Adolescent depression, how common?

Answer 20

25% report being sad for 2-3 weeks

3% major depression

Question 21

Factors in adolescent suicide? (5)

Answer 21

• Depression
• Family conflicts
• History of abuse,
• Drug and alcohol abuse
• Availability of guns

Question 22

What makes young adults happy? Happiest memories is?

Answer 22

psychological needs rather than material needs satisfied

Question 23

What makes young adults happy? Unhappiest memories

Answer 23

Basic psychological needs left unfulfilled.

Question 24

What describes a friend?

Answer 24

• Similar in age, gender, race
• Similar attitudes toward school, recreation, and future.
• Similar in personalities, popularity, and prosocial behavior