Ch3 Powerpoint slides Flashcards
Why know about growth and motor development?
- To determine reasonable expectations for a child
- To develop screening tools or screen for problems
- Because humans are complex systems
What is reasonable to expect of a child at a particular age?
- Need to know what is typical/not typical
- Need to know how much variability there is between children of same and different age
- In the same child over short period of time
Children who are tall are thought to be?
Older, more mature, smarter
Children who are short, or motorically delayed are thought to be?
Younger, less mature, dumber
Consequences for children who start puberty early are?
Affects girls greater
Girls: teased, self-conscious, withdrawn, be treated like older then they really are
Boys: relaxed, confident, attractive, popular
Consequences for children who start puberty late are?
Affects boys greater
Boys: Anxious, feel inferior, self-conscious, not as well liked
Girls: Physically attractive, poised, leader
Growth and motor development occurs how anatomically? (3)
1) Proximal to distal (Center outwards)
2) Cephalocaudal progression (Head to toe)
3) Hierarchial integration (Simple to complex
Secular trend is?
Average age of puberty decreasing over time
When is the most rapid postnatal growth?
Birth-2 years. (1st year of life)
Next is puberty
When do boys and girls reach 1/2 of adult height?
Boys: 2-2.5 years
Girls: 18m-2 years
Girls vs boys onset of puberty? And range?
girls 9 (8-13) boys 11 (10-13.5)
Girls vs boys peak growth occurs when? And when does growth end?
girls 11-14 (19)
boys 13-17 (21)
During peak growth of 2-3 years , max and average of height?
G: 6-7 in (Average of 3.5in per year)
B: 9in (Average of 4.1in per year)
When does rapid weight gain occur for boys and girls? And how much weight?
G: 12-13 (~35lbs)
B: 14-15 (~45 lbs)
What is catch-up growth? And what is recovery dependent on?
Growth rate catches up as long as condition improves
Dependent on: severity, length of problem, time period of development
Changes in proportions during growth spurt?
- Face longer
- Nose projects
- Jaw prominent
- Hair recedes
Between 5 and 16 years old, how much muscle is built?
G: 10x larger
B: 14x larger
Menarche and spermarche
G: onset of menstruation (ovaries, uterus, vagina)
B: 1st spontaneous ejaculation (scrotum, testes, penis)
Secondary sexual characteristics for G and B
G: boobs bigger, wider pelvis, pubic hair
B:facial hair, broad shoulders, deep voice
Why are we having early puberty’s
- Chemical pesticides
- environmental stress
- hormones in food
- nutrition
Primary aging (senescence) is what ?
Irreversible changes due to genetic programming
- gray hair
- wrinkles
- weight gain
- decreased height
Secondary aging is what?
Changes that are due to illness, health habits, and other individual factors which are not inevitable.
Functional age?
An individuals physical and psychological well-being
Types of old?
Young old- healthy and active
Old old- some health problems, and difficulty with daily activities
Oldest old- frail and in need of care
Why does brain grow faster than any other part?
- Increased number of interconnections among cells
- Amount of protective myelin increases
Rooting reflex?
-Turn head towards things that touch its cheek
Moro reflex?
-Activated when support for neck and head is removed. Infant thrusts out arms and try to grasp.
Babinski reflex?
Infant fans out toes in response to stroke on the outside of foot
Possible indications of neurological problems?
- Abnormal presence of absence of reflex
- Unequal bilateral reflex
- Persistence of reflex
- Emergence of reflex that dropped out
Sits w/ slight support (average and range)
1m average (1-5m range)
Sits alone momentarily (average and range)
6-7m average
4-8m range
Stands alone (ave and range)
10-12m average
9-14m range
Walks alone (ave and range)
12m average (11-15 m range)
Reaches for object at what month?
5.5m
Grasping for object at what month? What types of grasp?
Palmer grasp- birth-5m
Pincer grasp- 7-9m
Sensation is what?
-physical stimulation of the sense organs
Perception is what?
-mental process of sorting, interpreting, and integrating stimuli from the sense organ/brain
Newborns orient to sounds if?
- held properly
- not too brief
Newborn distance vision vs 6m infant vision
20/200-20/600
vs
20/20
Newborn has 2 kinds of vision limitations
1) getting image
2) reading image
Getting image is what?
-eyes dont always converge on 1 object
Reading image is what?
- cones are immature
- spaced farther apart
- catch 2% of light
Preferences that are present from birth? (Infant vision)
- Genetically programed to prefer particular kinds of stimuli
- prefer to look at patterned over simpler stimuli
When does visual acuity start to decline?
age 40
Declining depth perception and night vision
Glaucoma
What is Presbyopia?
Loss of near vision
What is Glaucoma?
is a disease that damages your eye’s optic nerve. It usually happens when fluid builds up in the front part of your eye
Describe the vision in late adulthood.
- Lens is less transparent, pupils shrink
- Optic nerve less efficient
- Cataracts (clouding of the eyes natural lens)
- Glaucoma (Damage of eyes optic nerve)
- Macular degeneration
Macular degeneration?
- Vision loss, center of the field of vision
- Wet: leaky blood vessels grow under retina
