Ch2 Powerpoint slides

Question 1

3 stages of Prenatal development

Answer 1

Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal

Question 2

Zygote is?

Answer 2

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. (earliest development)

Question 3

Germinal stage lasts?

Answer 3

2 weeks from conception

Question 4

Germinal stage major achievements?

Answer 4

• Rapid cell division (formation of blastocyst)

- Attachment to uterine wall (formation of amnion, and development of placenta)

Question 5

How many ovum do women have in lifetime

Answer 5

400k

Question 6

Ovum to sperm ratio

Answer 6

2500/1

Question 7

Sperm swim how fast

Answer 7

1in per hour, hundreds of millions for each ejaculation

Question 8

Female vs male sperm

Answer 8

Male faster

Female survive better

Question 9

Kleinfelters syndrome is?

Answer 9

(XXY) male, after puberty = boobs, less hair, small balls

Question 10

Turners syndrome is?

Answer 10

(X0) female, Smaller statute, delayed puberty

Question 11

Monozygotic twins?

Answer 11

Twins who are genetically identical, single egg and sperm

Question 12

Dizygotic twins?

Answer 12

Twins who are not genetically identical, two eggs and two sperm

Question 13

Hyperovulate?

Answer 13

2+ eggs per month

Question 14

When does first cell division occur?

Answer 14

~30hours after conception

Question 15

When is 2nd cell division?

Answer 15

Day 2, four cells, becomes more rapid over time

Question 16

When does the germinal period end?

Answer 16

Implantation in uterine wall

Question 17

Germinal stage, start and end?

Answer 17

Conception- attachment to uterine wall

Question 18

Embryonic stage lasts from?

Answer 18

2nd to 8th week

Question 19

Embryonic stage, start and end?

Answer 19

attachment to uterine wall-formation of bone cells

Question 20

Embryonic stage major achievements?

Answer 20

-growth from 1/4in to 1in
-major organs formed
-movement
Skeletal is last to grow

Question 21

Cell differentiation?

Answer 21

Process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type. … Differentiation occurs many times during the development of a multicellular organism. The organism changes from a single zygote to a complex system of tissues and cell types.

Question 22

Cell migration?

Answer 22

Cell migration is a central process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms. Tissue formation during embryonic development, wound healing and immune responses all require the orchestrated movement of cells in particular directions to specific locations.

Question 23

Embryo composed how many layers of cells. (Name?)

Answer 23

3

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 24

Endoderm?

Answer 24

Inner layer. Develop into digestive and respiratory systems, liver and pancreas.

Question 25

Mesoderm?

Answer 25

Middle layer. Become bones/muscles | circulatory , excretory , and reproductive system

Question 26

Ectoderm?

Answer 26

Outermost layer of cells. Becomes nervous system, brain, sensory receptors (Ears, nose, eyes) and skin parts

Question 27

If neural tube (head) doesn't close, it can lead to?

Answer 27

Anencephaly- brain does not develop properly | Spina Bifida- unable to move properly (still live)

Question 28

Heart starts beating when?

Answer 28

At 18 days

Question 29

At 4 weeks what grows?

Answer 29

eye and arm bud

Question 30

Cephalocaudal development

Answer 30

Development from head down

Question 31

Proximodistal development

Answer 31

from the center outwards

Question 32

What happens at 5-6th week

Answer 32

fingers grow, human, spinal cord, legs

Question 33

Eye opens and closes when?

Answer 33

open at 6.5 weeks, close at 9 weeks. open again at 7months

Question 34

When do fingernails grow?

Answer 34

17 weeks

Question 35

Fingerprints grow when?

Answer 35

at 8-9 weeks

Question 36

Embryonic period ends when?

Answer 36

when bones begin to develop

Question 37

When can fetus survive outsides the womb?

Answer 37

At 22-24 weeks

Question 38

Fetal stage is how long?

Answer 38

30 weeks

Question 39

Fetal stage start and end?

Answer 39

Bone growth-birth

Question 40

Fetal stage major achievements?

Answer 40

- Grows from 1in to 20 in - movement felt by mother - sex known at 12 weeks - hearing at 5 months - sensitive to light

Question 41

Yolk sac does what?

Answer 41

-helps feed fetus to grow

Question 42

What is quickening?

Answer 42

-movements are felt from fetus

Question 43

Thumb sucking begins when?

Answer 43

4 months

Question 44

When does skin become vulnerable? And what else occurs at this time

Answer 44

at 4.5 months, sleeping waking states also occur.

Question 45

Vernix is?

Answer 45

layer of fat that protects the skin

Question 46

What happens at 7 months

Answer 46

growth slows, and VIABLE (able to survive outside the womb) Digestive and respiratory systems working

Question 47

Average length and weight at birth?

Answer 47

20 inches long, and 7lbs heavy (20in x 7lb)

Question 48

Brain development what 3 major aspects?

Answer 48

- Cell proliferation - Cell migration - Cell differentiation

Question 49

Cell proliferation?

Answer 49

Development of new neurons

Question 50

Cell migration?

Answer 50

Neurons move to "proper location"

Question 51

Cell differentiation?

Answer 51

Neurons specialize

Question 52

Teratogens and 3 important factors that determine severity?

Answer 52

``` Any environmental agent that causes damage during prenatal period 1) dose 2)heredity 3)timing -what point during pregnancy Embryonic stage is most sensitive ```

Question 53

When and why is child most susceptible to teratogens?

Answer 53

Embryonic period when major organs are forming and begin to function (Each organ has specific critical period)

Question 54

Drugs affecting prenatal development?

Answer 54

Drugs: prescription, non-prescription (advil), psychoactive drugs (act on nervous system) caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, marijuana

Question 55

Other factors affecting prenatal development. IEMMM

Answer 55

``` Incompatible blood types Environmental hazards Maternal diseases (aids) Maternal nutrition (consumption of folic acid) Maternal age (adolescence, >35 years of age ```

Question 56

Describe stage 1 of labor

Answer 56

Cervical dilation | Uterine contractions and ends when the cervical opening is fully dilated. **6-12 hours (16-24 for first time mothers)

Question 57

Describe stage 2 of labor

Answer 57

Expulsion (babys crowning) | extends from end of the first stage until the baby is completely expelled. **90minutes

Question 58

Describe stage 3 of labor

Answer 58

Afterbirth | Placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes expelled ** 2 minutes

Question 59

APGAR scale is?

Answer 59

``` 1m and 5m after baby is born Appearance (skin tone) Pulse (HR) Grimace (reflexes) Activity (muscle tone) Respiration (breathing) ```

Question 60

APGAR scale rating system?

Answer 60

Each factor between 0-2 Good = 7-10 Needs special care= 4-6 Life threatening= < 3

Question 61

Pre-term/low birth-weight /SGA, what the weights and weeks

Answer 61

Pre-term infants = < 38 weeks Low birth-weight infants = < 5.5 lbs (2500g) SGA = 5.5-6.7lbs (2500-3060g)

Question 62

Very low birth-weight ?

Answer 62

Most vulnerable, < 2.25 lbs (1250g)

Question 63

What causes pre-term and low birth-weight deliveries?

Answer 63

- Difficulties with mother reproductive system - Immaturity of mothers reproductive system - General health of mother

Question 64

Post-mature babies are?

Answer 64

2 weeks or more overdue - Blood supply from placenta may be insufficient - Low blood supply to brain may cause brain damage - Labor riskier for lg fetus to pass through birth canal