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My Developmental Psych > Ch1. Orientation to Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Ch1. Orientation to Lifespan Development Flashcards

1
Q

Goal of Developmental Psych

A

study development across the lifespan (conception to death)

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2
Q

Prenatal period?

A

Conception to birth

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3
Q

Infancy and toddlerhood period?

A

birth to 3 years

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4
Q

Early childhood period?

A

3-6 years

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5
Q

Middle childhood period?

A

6-12 years

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6
Q

Adolescence period?

A

12-20 years

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7
Q

Young adulthood period?

A

20-40

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8
Q

Middle adulthood period?

A

40-65

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9
Q

Late adulthood period?

A

65- death

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10
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative

A

a little at a time vs drastic changes (Vygotsky vs Piaget)

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11
Q

Critical period

A

Important stage where normally acquire trait and impossible later

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12
Q

Sensitive period

A

Stage where normally acquire trait, difficult but possible later

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13
Q

A theory does what?

A

1) Organize and give meaning to facts
2) Guides future research
3) Directs policy and decision making

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14
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Interpret changes in behavior over time

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15
Q

Maturation

A

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information

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16
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

behavior is monitored by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness/control

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17
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

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18
Q

Pleasure principle

A

goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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19
Q

Superego

A

Persons conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong

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20
Q

Classical conditioning

A

links 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events (bell paired with meat for dog)

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

reward vs punish theory, depending on behavior

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22
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

observing others (children observe other children)

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23
Q

Cognitive stage theory

A

the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

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24
Q

Information processing theory

A

how people take in, use, and store info

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25
Fixation
behavior reflecting and earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict
26
Psychosexual development
stages that children pass through in which pleasure or gratification focuses on a particular biological function/bodypart
27
psychosocial development
encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another
28
behavioral perspective
approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in enviorment
29
Rogers self actualization
a fully functioning person
30
Maslow hierarchy of needs
5 tier model of needs, bottom must be completed first
31
sociocultural theory
based of social interactions
32
Theory definition?
organized belief about behavior
33
hypothesis definition?
testable prediction about behavior
34
Test
systematic way of testing hypothesis
35
specimen record
all behaviors in given time period
36
event sampling
all instances of a specific behavior in a given time period
37
time sampling
record whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short time intervals (limited to list, no # of instances)
38
Naturalistic observations Pros and cons
Pros: -everyday behavior -illuminates social interaction process Cons: -not all children have same opportunity to exhibit behavior -difficult to determine what is most influential
39
Structured observations Pros and cons
``` Pros: -all children observed in same context -greater control of childs behavior -more convenient to setup Cons: - less natural -may behave differently ```
40
Interviews Pros and cons
``` Pros: -express in own words -comfortable setting Cons: -could be inaccurate -difficult comparing data ```
41
Questionnaires Pros and Cons
``` Pros: -gather a lot of info -easier to compare across children Cons: -can be inaccurate -more info = less accurate results ```
42
Case Studies Pros and cons
``` Pros: -detailed, descriptive analysis -Large body of rich data Cons: -not generalizable to the populationa ```
43
Psychophysiology (Heart rate) slows/speeds when?
Slows when infant is interested, speeds when infant is distressed
44
Other methods of Psychophysiology
EEG (states of arousal) | fMRI ( specialized brain regions)
45
What are experimental designs
- Only experiment thats cause and effect. - Randomly assign to conditions - Manipulate variables
46
What are Correlational designs
- Explores relations between two factors - Takes advantage of natural setting/groups - No manipulations
47
Operational definition is?
Exactly how to measure or manipulate the variables in a study. Ex. (Happiness measured by frequency of smiles, self report, physiologically -HR-
48
Independent variable is?
What is being manipulated
49
Dependent variable is?
What is measured
50
Confounding variable is?
Other variables that may produce effect
51
Random assignment is?
Children put into 2 groups by chance
52
Matching is?
Children put into 2 groups by pre-existing characteristic
53
Positive correlation example?
The more you study the better your grade
54
Negative correlation example?
Miles driven vs gas level
55
Correlation coefficient is?
A number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data. ( 0 means no relationship)
56
Longitudinal designs, Pros and cons
Pros: see average difference and individual differences Cons: time/money and attrition and cohort effects
57
Cross sectional designs, Pros and cons
Pros: time/money, all testing done once (no attrition) Cons: cannot examine change or stability over time Cannot examine individual differences
58
Sequential designs, Pros and cons
Pros: - Can examine cohort effects - Examine several group studies over period of time - Can examine time of testing effects Cons: COST
59
Cohort effects means?
Possible biases that occur | Group that has something in common
60
Possible cohort effects?
History graded, age graded, sociocultural graded
61
Ethnography is?
researcher lives amongst members of a society
62
Cross-cultural comparisons is ?
children in the same culture from same background have similar experiences
63
Theoretical research?
Research designed to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
64
Applied research?
Research mean to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
65
Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research
- Protecting participants from harm - Informed content of participants - limits on the use of deception - Maintenance of privacy

My Developmental Psych (8 decks)

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