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My Developmental Psych > Ch1. Orientation to Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Ch1. Orientation to Lifespan Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Goal of Developmental Psych

A

study development across the lifespan (conception to death)

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2
Q

Prenatal period?

A

Conception to birth

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3
Q

Infancy and toddlerhood period?

A

birth to 3 years

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4
Q

Early childhood period?

A

3-6 years

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5
Q

Middle childhood period?

A

6-12 years

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6
Q

Adolescence period?

A

12-20 years

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7
Q

Young adulthood period?

A

20-40

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8
Q

Middle adulthood period?

A

40-65

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9
Q

Late adulthood period?

A

65- death

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10
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative

A

a little at a time vs drastic changes (Vygotsky vs Piaget)

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11
Q

Critical period

A

Important stage where normally acquire trait and impossible later

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12
Q

Sensitive period

A

Stage where normally acquire trait, difficult but possible later

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13
Q

A theory does what?

A

1) Organize and give meaning to facts
2) Guides future research
3) Directs policy and decision making

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14
Q

Cognitive Development

A

Interpret changes in behavior over time

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15
Q

Maturation

A

The predetermined unfolding of genetic information

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16
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

behavior is monitored by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples awareness/control

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17
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

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18
Q

Pleasure principle

A

goal is to maximize satisfaction and reduce tension

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19
Q

Superego

A

Persons conscience, incorporating distinctions between right and wrong

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20
Q

Classical conditioning

A

links 2 or more stimuli and anticipate events (bell paired with meat for dog)

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

reward vs punish theory, depending on behavior

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22
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

observing others (children observe other children)

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23
Q

Cognitive stage theory

A

the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

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24
Q

Information processing theory

A

how people take in, use, and store info

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25
Q

Fixation

A

behavior reflecting and earlier stage of development due to an unresolved conflict

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26
Q

Psychosexual development

A

stages that children pass through in which pleasure or gratification focuses on a particular biological function/bodypart

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27
Q

psychosocial development

A

encompasses changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another

28
Q

behavioral perspective

A

approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in enviorment

29
Q

Rogers self actualization

A

a fully functioning person

30
Q

Maslow hierarchy of needs

A

5 tier model of needs, bottom must be completed first

31
Q

sociocultural theory

A

based of social interactions

32
Q

Theory definition?

A

organized belief about behavior

33
Q

hypothesis definition?

A

testable prediction about behavior

34
Q

Test

A

systematic way of testing hypothesis

35
Q

specimen record

A

all behaviors in given time period

36
Q

event sampling

A

all instances of a specific behavior in a given time period

37
Q

time sampling

A

record whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short time intervals (limited to list, no # of instances)

38
Q

Naturalistic observations Pros and cons

A

Pros: -everyday behavior
-illuminates social interaction process
Cons: -not all children have same opportunity to exhibit behavior
-difficult to determine what is most influential

39
Q

Structured observations Pros and cons

A 
Pros: -all children observed in same context 
-greater control of childs behavior
-more convenient to setup
Cons: - less natural 
-may behave differently
40
Q

Interviews Pros and cons

A 
Pros:
-express in own words
-comfortable setting
Cons:
-could be inaccurate
-difficult comparing data
41
Q

Questionnaires Pros and Cons

A 
Pros:
-gather a lot of info
-easier to compare across children 
Cons:
-can be inaccurate
-more info = less accurate results
42
Q

Case Studies Pros and cons

A 
Pros: 
-detailed, descriptive analysis
-Large body of rich data
Cons:
-not generalizable to the populationa
43
Q

Psychophysiology (Heart rate) slows/speeds when?

A

Slows when infant is interested, speeds when infant is distressed

44
Q

Other methods of Psychophysiology

A

EEG (states of arousal)

fMRI ( specialized brain regions)

45
Q

What are experimental designs

A
  • Only experiment thats cause and effect.
  • Randomly assign to conditions
  • Manipulate variables
46
Q

What are Correlational designs

A
  • Explores relations between two factors
  • Takes advantage of natural setting/groups
  • No manipulations
47
Q

Operational definition is?

A

Exactly how to measure or manipulate the variables in a study. Ex. (Happiness measured by frequency of smiles, self report, physiologically -HR-

48
Q

Independent variable is?

A

What is being manipulated

49
Q

Dependent variable is?

A

What is measured

50
Q

Confounding variable is?

A

Other variables that may produce effect

51
Q

Random assignment is?

A

Children put into 2 groups by chance

52
Q

Matching is?

A

Children put into 2 groups by pre-existing characteristic

53
Q

Positive correlation example?

A

The more you study the better your grade

54
Q

Negative correlation example?

A

Miles driven vs gas level

55
Q

Correlation coefficient is?

A

A number between −1 and +1 calculated so as to represent the linear dependence of two variables or sets of data. ( 0 means no relationship)

56
Q

Longitudinal designs, Pros and cons

A

Pros: see average difference and individual differences
Cons: time/money and attrition and cohort effects

57
Q

Cross sectional designs, Pros and cons

A

Pros: time/money, all testing done once (no attrition)
Cons: cannot examine change or stability over time
Cannot examine individual differences

58
Q

Sequential designs, Pros and cons

A

Pros: - Can examine cohort effects
- Examine several group studies over period of time
- Can examine time of testing effects
Cons: COST

59
Q

Cohort effects means?

A

Possible biases that occur

Group that has something in common

60
Q

Possible cohort effects?

A

History graded, age graded, sociocultural graded

61
Q

Ethnography is?

A

researcher lives amongst members of a society

62
Q

Cross-cultural comparisons is ?

A

children in the same culture from same background have similar experiences

63
Q

Theoretical research?

A

Research designed to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge

64
Q

Applied research?

A

Research mean to provide practical solutions to immediate problems

65
Q

Describe some ethical issues that affect psychological research

A
  • Protecting participants from harm
  • Informed content of participants
  • limits on the use of deception
  • Maintenance of privacy

My Developmental Psych (8 decks)

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