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Intro. to Psych Science > Ch.9 Language & Thought > Flashcards

Ch.9 Language & Thought Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Language?

A

a system for communicating via signals grammatically arranged to convey meaning

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2
Q

What is Grammar?

A

The rules that symbols and signals must follow to convey meaning

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3
Q

What is a Phoneme?

A

short sounds recognizable as speech, rather than random noise; 100 possible; about 40 in English

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4
Q

What are Morphemes?

A

the smallest unit of meaningful sound; (Pat); can be combined with other Morphemes to make longer words; (Paternal)

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5
Q

What are Syntax Rules?

A

rules that indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences.

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6
Q

What is Deep structure?

A

The meaning that you are trying to convey

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7
Q

What is Surface structure?

A

How you word a sentence to try and convey a meaning

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8
Q

Children learn language…

A

quickly and make few errors

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9
Q

Children develop…

A

passive mastery faster than active mastery

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10
Q

Infants can distinguish between all phonemes up until…

A

6 months of age

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11
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

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12
Q

Children don’t only imitate, they…

A

develop implicit understanding of grammar

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13
Q

What is overgeneralization?

A

During the ages of 3-4, children overgeneralize the rules of grammar; “run” to “raned”

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14
Q

What are the three theories of language development?

A

the behaviorist, nativist, and interactionist

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15
Q

What is the behaviorist theory of language development?

A

it states that language is learned through operant conditioning and imitation

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16
Q

What is the nativist theory of language development?

A

it states that language is innate; (inborn)

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17
Q

What is the interactionist theory of language development?

A

it states that language is learned mainly by social interactions

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18
Q

What does Broca’s area do?

A

produces language

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19
Q

What does Wernicke’s area do?

A

comprehends language

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20
Q

Where are the Broca and Wernicke areas located in the brain?

A

left hemisphere

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21
Q

What do the Broca’s and Wernicke’s equivalents do in the right side of the brain?

A

“Broca”- expresses emotion

“Wernicke”- detects changes in language (emotion)

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22
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

difficulty in producing or understanding language

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23
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

difficulty producing language

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24
Q

What is Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

difficulty understanding language

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25
Q

What is the linguistic relativity hypothesis?

A

states that language shapes the way we think

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26
Q

What is a concept?

A

a mental representation that categorizes objects, events, and stimuli

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27
Q

What is the family resemblance theory?

A

members of a category have similar characteristics, but not all of them do

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28
Q

What is the prototype theory?

A

people compare stimuli to a “prototype” in their mind

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29
Q

What is a prototype?

A

the “best” or “typical” member of a category

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30
Q

What is the Exemplar theory?

A

comparing new instances with memories of other instances of the same category

31
Q

What is a category-specific deficit?

A

the inability to recognize objects in a certain category; can categorize animals, but not books or shoes

32
Q

What is the rational choice theory?

A

states that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen; judging the value of the outcome and multiplying times two

33
Q

What is the expected value of a coin flip for $100?

A

.5 x $100 = $50

34
Q

What is the expected value of a roll of the dice for $500?

A

.17 x $500 = $85

35
Q

We are good at estimating….. but not….

A

frequency (one in fifty); probability (2%)

36
Q

What is the frequency format hypothesis?

A

states that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

37
Q

What are Heuristics?

A

fast and efficient strategies to facilitate decision making, but does not guarantee a solution

38
Q

What are algorithms?

A

longer, well-defined sequences that guarantee a solution

39
Q

What is availability bias?

A

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

40
Q

What is a Conjunction fallacy?

A

when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

41
Q

What is a Representativeness heuristic?

A

making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event to a prototype of the object or event

42
Q

What are Framing effects?

A

when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phased

43
Q

What is the Sunk-cost fallacy?

A

people tend make decisions on the current situation based on what they have invested in it.

44
Q

What is Loss aversion?

A

losses outweigh gains of equal magnitude

45
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

looking at the information that confirms our preconceptions, and ignoring the information that contradicts that.

46
Q

What are phonological rules?

A

they indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds.

47
Q

What are morphological rules?

A

they indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words.

48
Q

What are content morphemes?

A

they refer to things and events; cat, dog, take

49
Q

What are function morphemes?

A

they serve grammatical functions; and, or, but, when

50
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

sentences that consist mostly of content words (lack function morphemes); “throw ball”

51
Q

The behaviorist explanation of language development does not account for the fact that…

A
  • parents don’t spend much time teaching grammar
  • children generate many more grammatical sentences than they ever hear
  • children overgeneralize; cannot be explained by learning purely out of trial and error
52
Q

What is a language acquisition device (LAD)?

A

a collection of processes that facilitate language learning; equipped in the brain

53
Q

what is genetic dysphasia?

A

a syndrome characterized by the inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

54
Q

Nativist theories are often criticized because…

A

They do not explain HOW language develops

55
Q

Learning a second language….

A

increases the density and ability of the left parietal lobe to handle linguistic demands.

56
Q

Concepts allow us to…

A

make sense of the world

57
Q

What is the prospect theory?

A

states that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains.

58
Q

The certainty effect states that…

A

people give greater weight to outcomes that are a sure thing.

59
Q

What is the frequency format hypothesis?

A

our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur.

60
Q

An ill-defined problem…

A

does not have a clear goal or well-defined solution paths.

61
Q

A well-defined problem…

A

has clear, specific goals and clearly defined solution paths

62
Q

Means-ends analysis…

A

is a process of searching for the means or steps to reduce the differences between the current situation and the desired goal.

63
Q

What are the steps in a means-ends analysis?

A
  • analyze the goal state
  • analyze the current sate
  • list the differences between the current state and the goal state
  • reduce the list of differences by: direct means, generating a subgoal, and finding a similar problem with a known solution
64
Q

Analogical problem solving:

A

attempting to solve a problem by finding a similar problem with a known solution and applying that solution to the current problem.

65
Q

Compound remote associates:

A

being shown three words and coming up with a solution either by insight or analytical solving

66
Q

Functional fixedness is…

A

the tendency to perceive the functions of an object as fixed

67
Q

Reasoning is…

A

a mental activity that consists of organizing information or beliefs into a series of steps to reach conclusions.

68
Q

Practical reasoning:

A

figuring out what to do, or reasoning directed toward action

69
Q

Theoretical reasoning:

A

reasoning directed toward arriving at a belief

70
Q

syllogistic reasoning:

A

assessing whether a conclusion follows from two statements that we assume to be true

71
Q

belief-laden reasoning

A

logical reasoning influenced by prior beliefs

72
Q

belief-neutral reasoning

A

logical reasoning not influence by prior beliefs

73
Q

People with damage to the pre-frontal cortex are prone to:

A

risky decision making

Intro. to Psych Science (10 decks)

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