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Intro. to Psych Science > Ch. 6 "MEMORY" > Flashcards

Ch. 6 "MEMORY" Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoding is…

A

taking in information and transforming it to then store it.

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2
Q

What are the three functions of memory?

A

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

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3
Q

Storage is…

A

Keeping a memory preserved.

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4
Q

Retrieval is…

A

Bringing stored info to the mind

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5
Q

Memories are made by…

A

combining new and old info together

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6
Q

What are the three methods to improve encoding?

A

Elaboration, Visual-Imaginary, and Organizational encoding.

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7
Q

Elaborative encoding is…

A

relating new info to past memories and experiences

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8
Q

What are the three ways (levels) of processing a task?

A

Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic (best)

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9
Q

What part of the brain is activated more when you remember better?

A

The frontal lobe

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10
Q

What is visual imagery encoding?

A

Imagining the information in a picture; axon

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11
Q

What is organizational encoding?

A

Organizing info into a logical way; tree diagrams; charts

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12
Q

What are the three major kinds of memory storage?

A

Sensory memory, Short-term, and Long-term

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13
Q

How long does Sensory Memory last?

A

a few seconds

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14
Q

What is Sensory Memory divided into?

A

Iconic and Echoic memory

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15
Q

About how many items can Short-Term memory hold?

A

7

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16
Q

What is working memory?

A

The current maintenance of the info being perceived

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17
Q

What is Consolidation?

A

The process of stabilizing memories in the brain.

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18
Q

What is Reconsolidation?

A

If a memory is disrupted while being recalled, it must be consolidated again.

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19
Q

What type of test is Recall retrieval used for?

A

fill-in-the-blank

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20
Q

what type of test is Recognition retrieval used for?

A

multiple-choice

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21
Q

What is the Encoding specificity principle?

A

the idea that retrieval cues are an effective way to remember when they recreate the conditions under which the info was learned.

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22
Q

What is the difference between State dependent retrieval and Transfer-appropriate processing?

A

State dependent memories are better recalled under the same “mood” you were in while learning it.
Transfer-appropriate memories are better recalled when you are in the same environment or situation in which you learned it.

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23
Q

In what order does information go through the memory system?

A

Sensory input_ Sensory memory(unattended info is lost)_ Short-term memory(unrehearsed info is lost)_ Long-term memory(some may be lost over time)

24
Q

What is the difference between Explicit and Implicit memory?

A

Explicit- intentionally retrieving memories

Implicit- actions and memories are recalled without the conscious effort to do so.

25
Q

In what part(s) of the brain does Explicit memory reside?

A

Hippocampus

26
Q

In what part(s) of the brain does Implicit memory reside?

A

Cerebellum and Amygdala

27
Q

Into what categories is Explicit memory broken into?

A

Semantic and Episodic memory

28
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

The facts and concepts that make up our knowledge of the world.

29
Q

What is Episodic memory?

A

The collection of past personal experiences.

30
Q

Into what categories is Implicit memory broken into?

A

Procedural memory and Priming

31
Q

What is Procedural memory?

A

acquiring skills through practice

32
Q

What is Priming?

A

being able to think of a particular stimulus due to exposure related stimuli.

33
Q

What is Long-term potentiation?

A

(LTP) is the strengthening of communication between synapses, making further communication easier

34
Q

What are the steps in LTP?

A

The presynapse releases neurotransmitters that bind to AMPA receptors in the postsynapse, these then open and allow sodium (Na) to enter, depolarizing the neuron and making it sensitive to an action potential. If it is depolarized enough, NMDA receptors open, allowing calcium in. This causes more AMPA receptors to form, thus allowing the postsynaptic neuron to receive information much better from the presynaptic neuron.

35
Q

What are the two categories of Amnesia?

A

Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia

36
Q

What is Anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to transfer new information to long-term memory.

37
Q

What is Retrograde amnesia?

A

The inability to retrieve info from a certain date back.

38
Q

(Study, Study) or (Study, Self-test)?

A

Study, Self-test (flash cards)

39
Q

What is Transience?

A

Forgetting what happened over time.

40
Q

What are the “Seven Memory Failures”?

A

Proactive and Retroactive interference, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias, and Persistence.

41
Q

Proactive Interference:

A

Old info interferes with new; (friend’s new phone #)

42
Q

Retroactive Interference:

A

New info interferes with old

43
Q

Absentmindedness:

A

A lapse in attention will cause memory failure

44
Q

Blocking:

A

Failure to retrieve information available in memory; “tip of the tongue”

45
Q

What is, and what are the properties of Misattribution?

A

Memory Misattribution is assigning a memory to the wrong source; source memory and false recognition

46
Q

What is source memory?

A

recalling when, where, and how info was obtained

47
Q

What is False Recognition?

A

Thinking something is familiar when it has never been encountered before

48
Q

Suggestibility:

A

Incorporating someone’s misleading info into personal experiences.

49
Q

Bias:

A

Influencing previous experiences with personal beliefs.

50
Q

Persistance:

A

Memories that we want to, but are unable to forget.

51
Q

Flashbulb memories:

A

Detailed recollections of when and where we were during a shocking event.

52
Q

Survival encoding:

A

rating how an object would help you survive

53
Q

Moving encoding:

A

rating how an object is relevant to moving somewhere new

54
Q

Pleasantness encoding:

A

rating how pleasant an item is

55
Q

Chunking

A

grouping several items into fewer, more relevant clusters

Intro. to Psych Science (10 decks)

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