Ch. 6 "MEMORY" Flashcards
Encoding is…
taking in information and transforming it to then store it.
What are the three functions of memory?
Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval
Storage is…
Keeping a memory preserved.
Retrieval is…
Bringing stored info to the mind
Memories are made by…
combining new and old info together
What are the three methods to improve encoding?
Elaboration, Visual-Imaginary, and Organizational encoding.
Elaborative encoding is…
relating new info to past memories and experiences
What are the three ways (levels) of processing a task?
Visual, Acoustic, and Semantic (best)
What part of the brain is activated more when you remember better?
The frontal lobe
What is visual imagery encoding?
Imagining the information in a picture; axon
What is organizational encoding?
Organizing info into a logical way; tree diagrams; charts
What are the three major kinds of memory storage?
Sensory memory, Short-term, and Long-term
How long does Sensory Memory last?
a few seconds
What is Sensory Memory divided into?
Iconic and Echoic memory
About how many items can Short-Term memory hold?
7
What is working memory?
The current maintenance of the info being perceived
What is Consolidation?
The process of stabilizing memories in the brain.
What is Reconsolidation?
If a memory is disrupted while being recalled, it must be consolidated again.
What type of test is Recall retrieval used for?
fill-in-the-blank
what type of test is Recognition retrieval used for?
multiple-choice
What is the Encoding specificity principle?
the idea that retrieval cues are an effective way to remember when they recreate the conditions under which the info was learned.
What is the difference between State dependent retrieval and Transfer-appropriate processing?
State dependent memories are better recalled under the same “mood” you were in while learning it.
Transfer-appropriate memories are better recalled when you are in the same environment or situation in which you learned it.
In what order does information go through the memory system?
Sensory input_ Sensory memory(unattended info is lost)_ Short-term memory(unrehearsed info is lost)_ Long-term memory(some may be lost over time)
What is the difference between Explicit and Implicit memory?
Explicit- intentionally retrieving memories
Implicit- actions and memories are recalled without the conscious effort to do so.
In what part(s) of the brain does Explicit memory reside?
Hippocampus
In what part(s) of the brain does Implicit memory reside?
Cerebellum and Amygdala
Into what categories is Explicit memory broken into?
Semantic and Episodic memory
What is Semantic memory?
The facts and concepts that make up our knowledge of the world.
What is Episodic memory?
The collection of past personal experiences.
Into what categories is Implicit memory broken into?
Procedural memory and Priming
What is Procedural memory?
acquiring skills through practice
What is Priming?
being able to think of a particular stimulus due to exposure related stimuli.
What is Long-term potentiation?
(LTP) is the strengthening of communication between synapses, making further communication easier
What are the steps in LTP?
The presynapse releases neurotransmitters that bind to AMPA receptors in the postsynapse, these then open and allow sodium (Na) to enter, depolarizing the neuron and making it sensitive to an action potential. If it is depolarized enough, NMDA receptors open, allowing calcium in. This causes more AMPA receptors to form, thus allowing the postsynaptic neuron to receive information much better from the presynaptic neuron.
What are the two categories of Amnesia?
Anterograde and Retrograde amnesia
What is Anterograde amnesia?
The inability to transfer new information to long-term memory.
What is Retrograde amnesia?
The inability to retrieve info from a certain date back.
(Study, Study) or (Study, Self-test)?
Study, Self-test (flash cards)
What is Transience?
Forgetting what happened over time.
What are the “Seven Memory Failures”?
Proactive and Retroactive interference, Absentmindedness, Blocking, Misattribution, Suggestibility, Bias, and Persistence.
Proactive Interference:
Old info interferes with new; (friend’s new phone #)
Retroactive Interference:
New info interferes with old
Absentmindedness:
A lapse in attention will cause memory failure
Blocking:
Failure to retrieve information available in memory; “tip of the tongue”
What is, and what are the properties of Misattribution?
Memory Misattribution is assigning a memory to the wrong source; source memory and false recognition
What is source memory?
recalling when, where, and how info was obtained
What is False Recognition?
Thinking something is familiar when it has never been encountered before
Suggestibility:
Incorporating someone’s misleading info into personal experiences.
Bias:
Influencing previous experiences with personal beliefs.
Persistance:
Memories that we want to, but are unable to forget.
Flashbulb memories:
Detailed recollections of when and where we were during a shocking event.
Survival encoding:
rating how an object would help you survive
Moving encoding:
rating how an object is relevant to moving somewhere new
Pleasantness encoding:
rating how pleasant an item is
Chunking
grouping several items into fewer, more relevant clusters
