Ch.13 "Social" Flashcards
social psychology:
the study of the causes and consequences of sociality; why do we interact so much?
what do we resort to when trying to obtain limited resources?
aggression and cooperation
aggression:
behavior intended to hurt another
best predictor of aggression?
sex
women’s acts of aggression are mostly:
relational aggression
testosterone is higher in:
criminals, cultures with honor, and younger men
cooperation is:
risky
in the prisoner’s dilemma, if A and B cooperate they get:
1 year each
in the prisoner’s dilemma, if A and B don’t cooperate they get:
10 years each
in the prisoner’s dilemma, if A cooperates, but B doesn’t, they get:
30 and 0 years respectively
in the prisoner’s dilemma, if B cooperates, but A doesn’t, they get:
30 and 0 years respectively
how do we deal with risk?
by being sensitive to and punishing cheaters; forming groups
the ultimatum game shows that:
we punish unfairness even if we get something out of it; declining money split unfairly, thus no one gets anything
people don’t want to be seen as cheaters because:
people won’t cooperate with them; honor system
favoritism towards our own:
groups
prejudice:
a positive or negative EVALUATION of another person based on their group membership
discrimination:
positive or negative BEHAVIOR toward another person based on their group membership.
deindividuation:
caring more about your group’s values than your own; political parties
diffusion of responsibility:
bystander effect
exclusion from groups (rejection) activates:
physical pain receptors in the brain; ACC and RVPC areas
altruism:
behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
reciprocal altruism:
helping someone and expecting something in return
attraction caused by:
situational, physical, and psychological factors
situational factors:
proximity
mere exposure effect
arousal can be misinterpreted as attraction; horror movie
physical factors:
body shape- dominance & fertility
symmetry- health
age- resources & fertility
psychological factors:
inner qualities- personality, point of view, attitude, beliefs, values, ambitions, and abilities
passionate love:
euphoria, intimacy, intense sexual attraction; burns out quickly
companionate love:
affection, trust, & concern; develops slower, but lasts longer
what part of the brain is active when thinking of someone’s attributes?
medial prefrontal cortex
social cognition:
processes by which people come to understand others
stereotyping:
drawing inferences about others based on knowledge of the categories to which others belong; can be inaccurate, overused, blind to variability, self-perpetuating, confirmation bias
attribution:
an inference about the cause of a person’s behavior
situational attributions:
attribute the external situation as cause; traffic
dispositional attributions:
attribute someone’s internal disposition as cause; lazy
Correspondence bias:
making a dispositional attribute when a person’s behavior was caused by the situation; blaming laziness when really traffic; fundamental attribution error
actor-observer effect:
making a situational attribution for our own behavior while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others; I was sick, but he’s just lazy
social influence:
ability to control another person’s behavior using: hedonic, approval, and accuracy motive
hedonic motive:
pleasure seeking; basic; reward and punishment on behavior; operant conditioning
approval motive:
normative influence- another person’s behavior provides info. about what is appropriate
norm of reciprocity- “you owe me one”
door-in-the-face technique- big then small request
conformity
obedience
accuracy motive:
informational influence: others’ behavior provides info. on what is good & right; right is better than wrong
systematic persuasion:
appeals to reason
heuristic persuasion:
appeals to habits or emotions
foot-in-the-door:
small then large request
cognitive dissonance:
inconsistency between actions and believes is stressful; change beliefs to match actions; “I love my job.”
ppl asked to do a dull task, then given $1 and $20 to recruit ppl; which report actually liking the test?
those given $1 because they had to convince themselves that they did; cognitive dissonance does not work if we get rewards for lying to ourselves.
frustration-aggression hypothesis:
animals aggress when and only when their goals are frustrated
disadvantage of groups:
pay less attention to expertise and more to status; leads to bad decisions sometimes
ACC:
anterior cingulate cortex- physical pain
RVPC:
pain relief
whoever makes the “first move” is more ….. , the other person then tends to be more …..
eager; choosy
social exchange:
the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
comparison level:
the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship
equity:
a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal
perceptual confirmation:
the tendency for people to see what they expect to see
subtyping:
the tendency for people who are faced with disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them
stereotyping occurs:
unconsciously and automatically
negative effect:
aggression is more likely to occur when a person is experiencing negative situations; temperature
