Ch.14 "Psychological Disorders"

Question 1

Medical model:

Answer 1

the conceptualization of psychological disorders as diseases that, like physical diseases, have biological causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures

Question 2

Diagnosis:

Answer 2

seeking to determine the nature of the patient’s mental disease by assessing symptoms

Question 3

Symptoms:

Answer 3

behaviors, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying abnormal syndrome.

Question 4

Syndrome:

Answer 4

a coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause

Question 5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (fourth edition, text revision) “DSM-IV-TR”:

Answer 5

a classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.

Question 6

To classify as a disorder, its symptoms must:

Answer 6

involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions

be associated with significant personal distress or impairment

stem from an internal dysfunction (biological, psychological, or both)

Question 7

Psychological disorders exist along a continuum from normal to abnormal without:

Answer 7

a bright line of separation

Question 8

Comorbidity:

Answer 8

the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual

Question 9

Etiology:

Answer 9

a specific pattern of causes for different psychological disorders.

Question 10

Prognosis:

Answer 10

a typical course over time and susceptibility of treatment and cure

Question 11

An integrated perspective for understanding most psychological disorders includes what factors?

Answer 11

biological, psychological, and environmental

Question 12

Diathesis-stress model:

Answer 12

a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress.

Question 13

Intervention-causation fallacy:

Answer 13

the assumption that if a treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem.

Question 14

People seldom seek help for diagnosable psychological disorders because:

Answer 14

they will be treated differently; labeled

Question 15

Situation-related anxiety is:

Answer 15

normal and can be adaptive

Question 16

Anxiety disorder:

Answer 16

the class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature

Question 17

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD):

Answer 17

chronic excessive worry is accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance; biological and psychological factors

Question 18

Concordance rate:

Answer 18

the percentage of pairs that share a characteristic

Question 19

Phobic disorders:

Answer 19

characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations.

Question 20

Specific phobia:

Answer 20

an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function

Question 21

Five categories of specific phobias:

Answer 21

animals

natural environments

situations

blood, injections, injury

others

Question 22

Social phobia:

Answer 22

irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

Question 23

Preparedness theory:

Answer 23

people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears.

Question 24

Panic disorder:

Answer 24

the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

Question 25

Agoraphobia:

Answer 25

fear of venturing into public places

Question 26

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

Answer 26

repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors that interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning

Question 27

Mood disorders:

Answer 27

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature; depression and bipolar disorder

Question 28

Major depressive disorder:

Answer 28

a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances

Question 29

Dysthymia:

Answer 29

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years.

Question 30

Double depression:

Answer 30

Major depressive disorder + Dysthymia

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression.

Question 31

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD):

Answer 31

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern.

Question 32

Postpartum depression:

Answer 32

depression following childbirth due to hormonal imbalances

Question 33

Helplessness theory:

Answer 33

individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable, and global.

Question 34

Werther effect:

Answer 34

suicide being contagious

Question 35

Dissociative disorder:

Answer 35

a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness, or personality that can vary in length from minutes to years.

Question 36

Dissociative Identity Disorder:

Answer 36

the presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities that at different times take control of the individual’s behavior

Question 37

Dissociative amnesia:

Answer 37

the sudden loss of memory for significant personal information

Question 38

Dissociative fugue:

Answer 38

the sudden loss of memory for one’s personal history, accompanied by an abrupt departure from home and the assumption of a new identity

Question 39

Schizophrenia:

Answer 39

the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior.

Question 40

Delusion:

Answer 40

a false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality

Question 41

Hallucination:

Answer 41

a false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation.

Question 42

Disorganized speech:

Answer 42

a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic

Question 43

Grossly disorganized behavior:

Answer 43

behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances.

Question 44

Catatonic behavior:

Answer 44

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

Question 45

Negative symptoms:

Answer 45

emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion; things missing in people with schizophrenia

Question 46

Five types of Schizophrenia:

Answer 46

Paranoid

Catatonic

Disorganized

Undifferentiated

Residual

Question 47

Paranoid schizophrenia:

Answer 47

preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations

Question 48

Catatonic schizophrenia:

Answer 48

immobility and stupor or agitated, purposeless motor activity

Question 49

Disorganized schizophrenia:

Answer 49

disorganized speech and behavior and flat or inappropriate emotion

Question 50

Undifferentiated types:

Answer 50

cases that do not neatly fall into the three main types of schizophrenia

Question 51

Residual types:

Answer 51

for individuals who have substantially recovered from at least one schizophrenic episode but still have lingering symptoms

Question 52

Early-onset disorders:

Answer 52

mental retardation, learning disorders, communication disorders, motor skill disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and autistic disorder.

Question 53

Autistic disorder:

Answer 53

abnormal or impaired development of communication and social interaction and a markedly restricted repertoire of activities or interests.

Question 54

Dopamine hypothesis:

Answer 54

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

Question 55

Personality disorders:

Answer 55

disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning.

Question 56

Three main clusters of personality disorders:

Answer 56

odd/eccentric- paranoid

dramatic/erratic- antisocial

anxious/inhibited- obsessive-compulsive

Question 57

Antisocial personality disorder (APD):

Answer 57

a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues to adulthood.