Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Intro. to Psych Science > Ch.7 "Learning" > Flashcards

Ch.7 "Learning" Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Learning involves…

A

the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What ideas does learning emphasize?

A

: it’s based on experience
: it produces changes in the organism
: the changes are relatively permanent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How did behaviorists view learning?

A

as purely behavioral; does not incite any mental activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pavlov’s main work:

A

classical conditioning; salivation of dogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; learning to salivate to a sound, conditioned through food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four basic elements of classical conditioning?

A

: unconditioned stimulus
: unconditioned response
: conditioned stimulus
: conditioned response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

something that produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is acquisition?

A

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are cue exposure therapies?

A

exposing drug addicts to a familiar CS without being given the drug; results in extinction of the association between CS and the effects of drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is second-order conditioning?

A

associating a totally different stimulus, through an earlier CS to produce the same conditioned response; black square with the tuning fork, black square will eventually elicit salivation alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is extinction?

A

the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is spontaneous recovery?

A

the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is generalization?

A

when the conditioned response is observed even though the conditioned stimulus is slightly different from the original one during acquisition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is discrimination?

A

the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was Watson?

A

Huge behaviorist, supported Pavlov; “Little Albert” experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the elements of classical conditioning?

A

: cognitive
: neural
: evolutionary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Rescorla-Wagner model?

A

introduced a cognitive component to classical conditioning; predicted that conditioning would be easier when the conditioned stimulus was an unfamiliar event.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is delay conditioning?

A

the conditioned stimulus followed immediately by the unconditioned stimulus, the CS overlaps the US, then end at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Trace conditioning?

A

same procedure as delay conditioning, except the conditioned stimulus ends before the unconditioned stimulus begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Does Trace conditioning require awareness?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

People in vegetable and minimally conscious states show…

A

Trace conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What part of the Amygdala is responsible for emotional conditioning?

A

the central nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is freezing?

A

a defensive reaction that includes behavioral and physiological responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What neural elements is the central nucleus connected to?

A

: Midbrain

: Hypothalamus

28
Q

What happens if the link between the central nucleus and the midbrain is severed?

A

the freezing response stops

29
Q

What happens if the link between the central nucleus and the hypothalamus is severed?

A

the autonomic (physiological) responses associated with fear stop.

30
Q

What is biological preparedness?

A

learning certain kinds of associations over others.

31
Q

The cerebellum is involved with…

A

delay conditioning

32
Q

The hippocampus is involved with…

A

trace conditioning

33
Q

the amygdala involved with…

A

fear conditioning

34
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future; involves active behaviors

35
Q

Thorndike…

A

examined instrumental behavior

36
Q

What is instrumental behavior?

A

behavior that requires an organism to do something

37
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

states that behaviors that are followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” tend to be repeated as opposed to those that have an “unpleasant state of affairs”

38
Q

What is operant behavior?

A

behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment

39
Q

Positive reinforcement…

A

a rewarding stimulus is presented

40
Q

Negative reinforcement…

A

an unpleasant stimulus is removed

41
Q

Positive punishment…

A

unpleasant stimulus is administered

42
Q

Negative punishment…

A

rewarding stimulus is removed

43
Q

Primary reinforcers…

A

Food, comfort, shelter, warmth, etc.

44
Q

Secondary reinforcers…

A

verbal approval, grins, trophies, money

45
Q

What is the overjustification effect?

A

when external rewards undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior.

46
Q

Stimulus control…

A

develops when a particular response only occurs when an appropriate discriminative stimulus is present; learning takes place in contexts

47
Q

What are the three-term contingencies?

A

a discriminative stimulus produces a response that produces a reinforcer

48
Q

Interval schedules:

A

based on the time intervals between reinforcements

49
Q

Ratio schedules:

A

based on the ratio of responses to reinforcements

50
Q

Fixed interval schedule (FI):

A

reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

51
Q

Variable interval schedule (VI):

A

a behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement

52
Q

Fixed ratio schedule (FR):

A

reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.

53
Q

Continuous reinforcement:

A

presenting reinforcement after each response; produces less responses

54
Q

Variable ratio schedule (VR):

A

the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses; produces more responses

55
Q

Intermittent reinforcement:

A

when only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement; hard to extinguish

56
Q

Intermittent-reinforcement effect:

A

the relationship between intermittent reinforcement schedules and the robustness of the behavior they produce; the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.

57
Q

What is shaping?

A

learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior.

58
Q

Delusions and superstitious behaviors are based on…

A

mistaken beliefs regarding casual relationships

59
Q

What is latent learning:

A

something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.

60
Q

What is a cognitive map?

A

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

61
Q

Pleasure centers reside mostly in the…

A

limbic system

62
Q

The medial forebrain bundle meanders its way from…

A

the midbrain through the hypothalamus into the nucleus accumbens.

63
Q

Dopaminergic:

A

the neurons in the medial forebrain bundle, especially the nucleus accumbens; they release dopamine

64
Q

Observational learning is:

A

learning something based on watching someone else do it

65
Q

What is a diffusion chain?

A

the passing down of a behavior originally learned through observational learning

66
Q

What is implicit learning?

A

learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition

67
Q

What is habituation?

A

the process of responding less to prolonged stimuli

Intro. to Psych Science (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions