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BIO 1111 > Ch.9 Inheritance > Flashcards

Ch.9 Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

This is the idea that the hereditary materials contributed by the male and female parents mix in forming the offspring.

A

Blending hypothesis

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2
Q

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

A

Hereditary

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3
Q

The scientific study of heredity

A

Genetics

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4
Q

This was stated that inheritable factors like genes retain their individuality generation after generation. That genes are like playing cards- a deck may be shuffled but the cards always retain their original identities.

A

Mendels theory.

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5
Q

A heritable feature that varies among individuals

A

Character

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6
Q

A variant for a character found within a population.

A

Trait

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7
Q

Varieties for which self-fertilization produced offspring are identical to the parent.

A

True breeding

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8
Q

The offspring of two different varieties.

A

Hybrids

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9
Q

Cross fertilization or hybridization

A

Cross

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10
Q

P-generation

A

True breeding parents

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11
Q

F1 generation

A

Hybrid offspring (f is for filial)

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12
Q

F2 generation

A

When a F2 plants set fertilize or fertilize each other their offspring are F2

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13
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Follows one character

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14
Q

Alternative versions of a gene. For each character an organism inherits two of these, one from each parent and it may be identical or different.

A

Alleles

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15
Q

An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene.

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene.

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Of the two alleles of an inherited differing pair, this is the alleles that determines the organisms appearance.
Written with an uppercase italics letter.

A

Dominant allele

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18
Q

This has no noticeable effect of the organisms appearance. Written with a lower case italic letter.

A

Recessive allele

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19
Q
  • A sperm or egg carries only one allele for each inherited characteristic because allele pairs separate from each other during the production of gametes.
  • When sperm and egg unite at fertilization each contributes its allele restoring the paired condition in the offspring.
  • This applies to all sexually reproducing offspring.
A

Law of segregation

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20
Q

This highlights the four possible combinations of gametes and the resulting four possibly offspring in the F2 generation.

A

Punnett square

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21
Q

This is an organisms physical traits

A

Phenotype

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22
Q

This is an organisms genetic makeup.

A

Genotype

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23
Q

Chromosomes that carry alleles of the same gene.

A

Homologs

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24
Q

Specific locations of a gene along the chromosome.

A

Gene locus

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25
Q

Alleles of a gene reside at the same ____ on homologous chromosomes.

A

Locus

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26
Q

Two homologous chromosomes may bear either ______ alleles at a locus or _____ alleles.

A

Identical, homozygous

Different, heterozygous

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27
Q

A mating of parental varieties differing in two characters.

A

Dihybrid cross

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28
Q

Alleles inherited together as they come from the P generation.

A

Dependent assortment

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29
Q

Genes inherited independently

A

Independent assortment

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30
Q

The inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another.

A

Mendels law of independent assortment

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31
Q

A mating between an individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.

A

Test cross

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32
Q

The segregation of alleles pairs during gamete formation and the reforming of pairs at fertilization obey the rules of what?

A

Probability

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33
Q

A probability scale ranges from ____ to _____.

A

0-1

34
Q

An event is certain to occur has a probability of ____.

A

1

35
Q

An event that is certain not to occur has probability of 0.

A

0

36
Q

A rule stating that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.

A

Rule of multiplication.

37
Q

A rule stating that the probability that an event can occur in two or more alternative ways is the sum of separate probabilities of the different ways.

A

Rule of addition

38
Q

What is the probability that an offspring from a genotype AaBbCv will be a recessive homozygous for all 3 genes (aabbcc)?

A

1/4 x 1/4 x 1/4= 1/64

39
Q

This describes the traits of parents and children across generations. A family tree with a families history for a trait.

A

Pedigree

40
Q

Mendels law and simple logic enable us to deduce the genotypes for nearly every person in the ______.

A

Pedigree

41
Q

A trait that is ____ does not mean that it is “normal”- or more common than a recessive trait.

A

Dominant

42
Q

Those traits seen most often in nature- not necessarily specified by dominant alleles.

A

Wild type traits

43
Q

______ means that a heterozygote (Aa) displays the dominant phenotype.

A

Dominant

44
Q

The phenotype is seen only in homozygotes (aa). These traits may be more common in the population.

A

Recessive

45
Q

Refers to a trait that is less common in nature.

A

Mutant trait

46
Q

Most people who have recessive disorders are born to normal parents who are both ________. They are carriers of the recessive allele for the disorder but are phenotypically normal.

A

Heterozygotes

47
Q

Using ______ _____ we can predict the fraction of affected offspring likely to result from a mating between two carriers.

A

Mendels law

48
Q

Genetic disorders

A
  • not evenly distributed across all ethnic groups

- such uneven distribution is the result of prolonged geographic isolation of certain populations

49
Q

Harmless dominant conditions include…

A
  • polydactyly

- webbed fingers

50
Q

Serious dominant disorders…

A
  • achondroplasia- dwarfism

- Huntington’s disease

51
Q

This type of genetic testing is performed in uterine between 14&20 weeks pregnant. A needle is I steered through the abdomen and into the amniotic fluid and 10mL is removed.
- cells are karyotyped to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

A

Amniocentesis

52
Q

Genetic testing that extracts a tiny sample of chronic villus tissue from placenta.

  • tissue obtained using a narrow flexible tube inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus.
  • speed is an advantage to amniocentesis
A

Chrionic villus sampling (CVS)

53
Q

This type of genetic testing measures the mothers blood level of alphafetoprotein (AFP) a protein produced by the fetus.

A

Blood tests

54
Q

What are the types of fetal imaging?

A

Ultrasound and fetoscopy

55
Q

This is the type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) and dominant homozygotes (AA and aa) are indistinguishable.

A

Incomplete Dominance

56
Q

Most genes can be found in populations in more than two versions is called?

A

Multiple alleles

57
Q

What is an example of multiple alleles?

A

ABO blood group

58
Q

Describe the ABO blood group.

A

A phenotype in humans involves three alleles of a single gene with various combinations of 3 alleles.

59
Q

What four phenotypes can be produced from the ABO blood group?

A

4

A, B, AB and O

60
Q

What do the letters in blood type refer to?

A

Refers to two carbohydrates A&B than may be found on the surface of RBCs

61
Q

Why is matching blood types important?

A

Because if a donors blood cells have a carbohydrate that is foreign to the recipient then the recipients immune system produces antibody proteins.

62
Q

One gene influencing multiple characters is called?

A

Pleiotropy

63
Q

The additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype character. The opposite of pleiotropy.

A

Polygenetic inheritance

64
Q

What are the 4 types of inheritance?

A
  1. Incomplete dominance
  2. Codominance
  3. Pleiotropy
  4. Polygenic inheritance
65
Q

Individual features of any organism arise from a combination of ____ and ____ factors.

A

Genetic and environmental

66
Q

This theory holds that genes occupy specific loci in chromosomes and it is the chromosomes that undergo segregation and independent assortment hiring meiosis.

A

Chromosome theory of inheritance

67
Q

It is the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization ray accounts for _______ patterns.

A

Inheritance

68
Q

Genes on the same _____ tend to be inherited together.

A

Chromosome

69
Q

The number of ____ in a cell far exceeds the number of chromosomes and there are hundreds of thousands of these on each chromosome.

A

Gene

70
Q

Genes located close together on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together. This is called?

A

Linked genes

71
Q

Why do linked genes tend to be inherited together and not sort independently?

A

Because they are located close together on the same chromosome.

72
Q

During meiosis _______ ______ between homologous chromosomes produces new combinations of alleles in gametes.

A

Crossing over

73
Q

Two linked genes can give rise to _____ different gamete genotypes.

A

Four

74
Q

The percentage of recombinant offspring among the total

A

Recombination frequency

75
Q

This is a diagram of relative gene locations valuable in establishing the relative positions of many genes in many organisms.

A

Linkage maps

76
Q

This gene on the Y chromosome plays a crucial role for sex determining region of Y

A

SRY

77
Q

SRY triggers ____ development and the absence of this _____ develops.

A

Testis

Ovaries

78
Q

A gene located on either sex chromosome. Because the human X chromosome contains many more genes than Y the majority of sex linked genes are on the X chromosome.

A

Sex linked gene

79
Q

Human sex linked disorders affect mostly ______.

A

Makes

80
Q

A number of human conditions result from sex linked recessive alleles located on the ____ chromosome.

A

X

81
Q

The ____ chromosome can be particularly useful for tracing our evolutionary past because this human chromosome passes essentially intact from father to son.

A

Y

BIO 1111 (11 decks)

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