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BIO 1111 > Ch.2 > Flashcards

Ch.2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anything that occupies space and has mass

A

Matter

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2
Q

What are the 3 physical states of matter?

A

Solid
Liquid
Gas

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3
Q

A substance that cannot be broken down to any other substances by chemical means.

A

Element

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4
Q

A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.

A

Compound

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5
Q

Which 4 elements make up 96% of all living matter?

A

Oxygen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen

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6
Q

Which elements are involved with bone formation?

A

Calcium and Phosphorus

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7
Q

Which elements are involved with nerve signaling?

A

Potassium, sodium, calcium and chlorine.

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8
Q

These are elements humans need but in minute quantities… .004%.

A

Trace Elements

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9
Q

This is an essential ingredient of a hormone produced by the thyroid gland.

A

Iodine

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10
Q

This is the smallest unit of matter.

A

Atoms

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11
Q

Atoms consist of which subatomic particles?

A

Protons
Neutrons
Electrons

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12
Q

What is the atomic #?

A

The number of protons

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13
Q

What is the mass #?

A

Sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

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14
Q

These have the same number of protons but different neutrons and behave identically in chemical reactions.

A

Isotopes

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15
Q

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off energy and particles.

A

Radioactive Isotopes

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16
Q

A neutron has 7 protons, and its common isotope has 7 neutrons. A radioactive isotope of nitrogen has 9 neutrons. What is the atomic number and mass number of this radioactive nitrogen?

A

Atomic #- 16

Mass #- 16

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17
Q

Why are radioactive isotopes useful as tracers in research on the chemistry of life?

A

Organisms incorporate radioactive isotopes of an element into their molecules, and researchers can use special scanning devices to detect the presence of these isotopes in biological pathways or locations of the body.

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18
Q

Only ___ are directly involved in the chemical activity of an atom

A

Electrons

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19
Q

Two atoms, each with an unpaired electron in its outer shell actually share a pair of electrons.

A

Covalent Bonds.

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20
Q

An atoms attraction for shared electrons is called?

A

Electronegativity

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21
Q

The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depending on the number of additional electrons that are needed to fill its shell.

A

Bonding capacity

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22
Q

Electrons that are shared equally between atoms

A

Non-polar covalent bonds

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23
Q

Electrons that are not shared equally between atoms

A

Polar covalent bonds

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24
Q

An atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons.

A

Ion

25
Q

Two ions with opposite charges attract each other.

A

Ionic Bond

26
Q

Explain what holds together the ions in a crystal of table salt (NaCl)?

A

Opposite charges attract. The positively charged sodium ions (Na) and the negatively charged ions (Cl) are held together by ionic bonds, attractions between oppositely charged ions.

27
Q

Most strong chemical bonds are _____ bonds

A

Covalent

28
Q

One of the most important types of weak bonds is called?

A

Hydrogen Bond

29
Q

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

A

Hydrogen bond

30
Q

The breaking of existing chemical bonds and formation of new ones.

A

Chemical reaction

31
Q

The starting materials of a chemical reaction are called the?

A

Reactants

32
Q

The ending materials of a chemical reaction are called?

A

Products

33
Q

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together.

A

Cohesion

34
Q

The clinging of one substance to another substance.

A

Adhesion

35
Q

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

A

Surface Tension

36
Q

Energy associated with the random movement of atom and molecules

A

Thermal Energy

37
Q

Thermal energy transfer from a warmer to a cooler body of matter.

A

heat

38
Q

This measures the intensity of the heat. The average speed of molecules in a body of matter.

A

Temperature

39
Q

____ must be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, and ___ is released when hydrogen bonds form.

A

Heat

40
Q

When a substance evaporates (changes physical state from a liquid to a gas) the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down.

A

Evaporative Cooling

41
Q

Evaporative cooling occurs because the molecules with the _____ energy (hottest ones) leave.

A

Greatest

42
Q

Explain the popular adage, “its not the heat, its the humidity”

A

High humidity hampers cooling by slowing the evaporation of sweat.

43
Q

A liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of 2 or more substances

A

Solution

44
Q

A dissolving agent.

A

Solvent

45
Q

A substance that is dissolved.

A

Solute

46
Q

A solution in which water is the solvent.

A

Aqueous solution

47
Q

Why are blood and most other biological fluids classified as aqueous solutions?

A

The solvent in these fluids is water.

48
Q

In liquid water a small percentage of water molecules dissociate or break apart into ____ ions and ___ ions.

A

Hydrogen (H+)

Hydroxide (OH-)

49
Q

(H+) and (OH-) ions are very reactive and changes in their _____ can drastically affect a cells proteins and other complex molecules.

A

Concentration

50
Q

A substance that donates (H+) to solutions is called an ___? And has a higher concentration of of (H+) than (OH-).

A

Acid

51
Q

A substance that removes a (H+) ion from a solution is called a ____? They do this by donating a (OH-) which combines with an (H+) ion forming H2O, thus reducing the (H+) concentration.

A

Base

52
Q

This scale is used to describe how acidic or basic a solution is. It stands for potential of hydrogen.

A

pH scale

53
Q

The pH scale ranges from 0-14. 0 is ____ and 14 is _____

A

0 is most acidic

14 is most basic

54
Q

Each pH unit represents a ___ fold change in concentration of (H+) in a solution.

A

10 fold.

55
Q

Pure water and aqueous solutions that are neither basic nor acidic are said to be____ and have a pH balance of ___?

A

Neutral, 7

56
Q

Compred to a basic solution at pH 9, the same volume of an acidic solution at a pH 4 has ___ times for (H+).

A

100,000

57
Q

This is the main product of fossil fuel.

A

Carbon dioxide.

58
Q

CO2 dissolving in seawater lowers the pH of the ocean. This is called?

A

Ocean acidification

59
Q

Why is the presence of water important in the search for extraterrestrial life?

A

Water plays important roles in life as we know it from moderating temperature on the same planets to functioning as the solvent of life.

BIO 1111 (11 decks)

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