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BIO 1111 > Ch.3 > Flashcards

Ch.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon based molecules are

A

Organic compounds

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2
Q

Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in its valance shell, how does it complete its outer shell?

A

It completes its outer shell by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms in 4 covalent bonds.

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3
Q

Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements are called?

A

Isomers

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4
Q

These participate in chemical reactions and text to be polar also making the compounds containing them hydrophilic or soluble in water.

A

Functional groups

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5
Q

A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to a carbon structure.

A

Hydroxyl group -OH

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6
Q

A carbon atom that is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom?

A

Carbonyl group \C=O

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7
Q

Name examples of hydroxyl group compounds.

A

Ethanol

Alcohols

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8
Q

Name examples of carbonyl group compounds.

A

Aldehyde
Ketone
Simple sugars

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9
Q

These consist of carbons double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group. It acts as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution and becoming iodized.

A

Carboxyl group

-COOH

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10
Q

Compounds with carboxyl groups are called ______?

A

Carboxylic Acids

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11
Q

This is a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen’s and the carbon skeleton
It acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution.

A

Amino group

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12
Q

Name examples of amino group compounds.

A

Amine

Iodized

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13
Q

Consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.

Is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms.

Often involved in energy transfers

A

Phosphate group

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14
Q

Consists of carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms and affects the expression of genes.

It is non polar, not reactive, and affects the molecular shape and function.

CH3

A

Methyl group

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15
Q

The most important molecules of all living things come from what 4 main classes.

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Lipids
  3. Proteins
  4. Nucleic acids
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16
Q

Gigantic molecules which include carbs, proteins and nucleic acids.

A

Macromolecules

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17
Q

Cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together are called what?

A

Polymers

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18
Q

These are building blocks of polymers.

A

monomers

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19
Q

A reaction that removes a molecule of water as 2 molecules become bonded together. A way to make polymers.

A

Dehydration reaction

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20
Q

This is a digestion process of breaking down macromolecules that are too large to enter your cells. Essentially the opposite of dehydration reactions.

A

Hydrolysis

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21
Q

Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reatcions in cells and are required in hydrolysis and dehydration reaction to make and break bonds.

A

Enzymes

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22
Q

The key to great diversity of polymers is ______. Variation in the sequence in which monomers are strung together.

A

Arrangement.

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23
Q

This is a class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules such as the sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides such as the starch molecules consumed in pasta and potatoes.

A

Carbohydrates

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24
Q

These are simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrate . They are the main fuel for cellular work.

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

Examples of monosaccharides include..

A

Glucose and fructose

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26
Q

2 trademarks of glucose

A

Hydroxyl groups -OH

Carbonyl groups C=O

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27
Q

Glucose and fructose have identical molecular formulas but are _____ differently.

A

Structured

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28
Q

Cells construct a ______ from two monosaccharides monomers by dehydration reaction.

A

Disaccharides

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29
Q

This is the most common disaccharide.

A

Sucrose

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30
Q

These are macromolecules and polymers of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. They may also function as storage molecules or as structural compounds.

A

Polysaccharides

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31
Q

What are three common types of polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
32
Q

This is a storage polysaccharides in plants with long chains of glucose monomers.
They coil into a helical shape

A

Starch

33
Q

Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide.

These are highly branched and stored granules in your liver and muscle cells.

A

Glycogen

34
Q

This is the most abundant organic compound on earth.
It is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. It is a polymer of glucose. Not a nutrient for humans.

A

Cellulose

35
Q

A structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton. Also found in the cell walls of fungi.

A

Chitin

36
Q

These are fats that are mostly energy storage molecule. They do not mix well with water.

A

Lipids.

37
Q

____ lipids are hydrophobic.

A

Carbohydrate

38
Q

What are the 3 important types of lipids?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Steroids
39
Q

Large lipid made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fat

40
Q

This is a synonym for fat.

A

triglycerids

41
Q

A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chains contain one or more double bonds.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

42
Q

A fatty acid that has no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain and has the max # of hydrogen atoms.

A

Saturated fatty acid

43
Q

Form of fat through hydrogenation

A

trans fat

44
Q

What are the main functions of fat?

A
  1. Long term energy storage

2. 1 g of fat stores more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide.

45
Q

Major components of cell membranes that are structurally similar to fats and contain 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol.

A

Phospholipids

46
Q

Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings as shown in the structural formula of cholesterol.

A

Steroids

47
Q

A common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids including sex hormones. Too much of it in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis.

A

Cholesterol

48
Q

A polymer of small building blocks called amino acids. Of all of life’s molecules these are structurally and functionally the most elaborate and varied.

A

Proteins

49
Q

These are embedded in cell membranes and move sugar molecules and other nutrients into your cells.

A

Transport proteins

50
Q

These move through your blood stream antibodies of the immune system.

A

Defensive proteins

51
Q

Many hormones and other chemical messengers that help coordinate your body’s activities.

A

Signal proteins

52
Q

These are built into cells membranes and receive and transmit signals into your cells.

A

Receptor proteins

53
Q

Muscle cells are which type of protein

A

Contractile proteins.

54
Q

These proteins are found in fibers that make up your tendons and ligaments

A

Structural proteins.

55
Q

What are the two general shapes of proteins?

A

Globular

Fibrous

56
Q

The altering of a protein as it unravels losing its specific shape and as a result its function.

A

Denaturation

57
Q

A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of 1 molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule releasing water.

A

Peptic bond

58
Q

The product of a peptide bond reaction which is made from 2 amino acids

A

Dipeptide

59
Q

Additional amino acids added by the same process to form a chain of amino acids.

A

Polypeptide

60
Q

The precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. It determines the shape of a protein.

A

Primary protein structure

61
Q

Segments of the chain coil or fold into local patterns.

A

Secondary Protein structure

62
Q

The overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein.

A

Tertiary protein structure

63
Q

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain.

A

Quaternary protein structure

64
Q

These structures are superimposed on each other to form functional proteins.

A

Protein structures

65
Q

An amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a _____.

A

Gene

66
Q

Genes consist of ____.

A

DNA

67
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid is one of two types of polymers called nucleic acids and provide directions for its own replication.

A

DNA

68
Q

Ribonucleic acid that DNA works through. Plays a role in the production of proteins. DNA is transcribed through this.

A

RNA

69
Q

Monomers that make up nucleus Acids

A

Nucleotides

70
Q

A nucleotide contains what 3 parts

A
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • (-) phosphate group
  • nitrogenous base (nitrogen and carbon)
71
Q

Each DNA nucleotide has 4 different nitrogenous bases… name them.

A

Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

72
Q

RNA contains which 4 bases?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Urasil (U)

73
Q

Which is a single polynucleotide strand?

A

RNA

74
Q

Which is a double helix strand with two polynucleotides wrapped around each other and held together with hydrogen bonds?

A

DNA

75
Q

Adenosine always pairs with which other base?

A

Thiamine

76
Q

Cytosine always pairs with which base?

A

Guanine

BIO 1111 (11 decks)

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