Ch.3 Flashcards
Carbon based molecules are
Organic compounds
Carbon atoms have 4 electrons in its valance shell, how does it complete its outer shell?
It completes its outer shell by sharing its 4 electrons with other atoms in 4 covalent bonds.
Compounds with the same formula but different structural arrangements are called?
Isomers
These participate in chemical reactions and text to be polar also making the compounds containing them hydrophilic or soluble in water.
Functional groups
A hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom which in turn is bonded to a carbon structure.
Hydroxyl group -OH
A carbon atom that is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom?
Carbonyl group \C=O
Name examples of hydroxyl group compounds.
Ethanol
Alcohols
Name examples of carbonyl group compounds.
Aldehyde
Ketone
Simple sugars
These consist of carbons double bonded to an oxygen atom and bonded to a hydroxyl group. It acts as an acid by contributing H+ to a solution and becoming iodized.
Carboxyl group
-COOH
Compounds with carboxyl groups are called ______?
Carboxylic Acids
This is a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen’s and the carbon skeleton
It acts as a base by picking up an H+ from a solution.
Amino group
Name examples of amino group compounds.
Amine
Iodized
Consists of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms.
Is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one of its oxygen atoms.
Often involved in energy transfers
Phosphate group
Consists of carbon bonded to 3 hydrogen atoms and affects the expression of genes.
It is non polar, not reactive, and affects the molecular shape and function.
CH3
Methyl group
The most important molecules of all living things come from what 4 main classes.
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acids
Gigantic molecules which include carbs, proteins and nucleic acids.
Macromolecules
Cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together are called what?
Polymers
These are building blocks of polymers.
monomers
A reaction that removes a molecule of water as 2 molecules become bonded together. A way to make polymers.
Dehydration reaction
This is a digestion process of breaking down macromolecules that are too large to enter your cells. Essentially the opposite of dehydration reactions.
Hydrolysis
Specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reatcions in cells and are required in hydrolysis and dehydration reaction to make and break bonds.
Enzymes
The key to great diversity of polymers is ______. Variation in the sequence in which monomers are strung together.
Arrangement.
This is a class of molecules that range from small sugar molecules such as the sugar molecules dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides such as the starch molecules consumed in pasta and potatoes.
Carbohydrates
These are simple sugars and monomers of carbohydrate . They are the main fuel for cellular work.
Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides include..
Glucose and fructose
2 trademarks of glucose
Hydroxyl groups -OH
Carbonyl groups C=O
Glucose and fructose have identical molecular formulas but are _____ differently.
Structured
Cells construct a ______ from two monosaccharides monomers by dehydration reaction.
Disaccharides
This is the most common disaccharide.
Sucrose
These are macromolecules and polymers of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions. They may also function as storage molecules or as structural compounds.
Polysaccharides
What are three common types of polysaccharides?
- Starch
- Glycogen
- Cellulose
This is a storage polysaccharides in plants with long chains of glucose monomers.
They coil into a helical shape
Starch
Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide.
These are highly branched and stored granules in your liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen
This is the most abundant organic compound on earth.
It is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells. It is a polymer of glucose. Not a nutrient for humans.
Cellulose
A structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton. Also found in the cell walls of fungi.
Chitin
These are fats that are mostly energy storage molecule. They do not mix well with water.
Lipids.
____ lipids are hydrophobic.
Carbohydrate
What are the 3 important types of lipids?
- Fats
- Phospholipids
- Steroids
Large lipid made from 2 kinds of smaller molecules glycerol and fatty acids
Fat
This is a synonym for fat.
triglycerids
A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chains contain one or more double bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid that has no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain and has the max # of hydrogen atoms.
Saturated fatty acid
Form of fat through hydrogenation
trans fat
What are the main functions of fat?
- Long term energy storage
2. 1 g of fat stores more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide.
Major components of cell membranes that are structurally similar to fats and contain 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Phospholipids
Lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains 4 fused rings as shown in the structural formula of cholesterol.
Steroids
A common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids including sex hormones. Too much of it in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis.
Cholesterol
A polymer of small building blocks called amino acids. Of all of life’s molecules these are structurally and functionally the most elaborate and varied.
Proteins
These are embedded in cell membranes and move sugar molecules and other nutrients into your cells.
Transport proteins
These move through your blood stream antibodies of the immune system.
Defensive proteins
Many hormones and other chemical messengers that help coordinate your body’s activities.
Signal proteins
These are built into cells membranes and receive and transmit signals into your cells.
Receptor proteins
Muscle cells are which type of protein
Contractile proteins.
These proteins are found in fibers that make up your tendons and ligaments
Structural proteins.
What are the two general shapes of proteins?
Globular
Fibrous
The altering of a protein as it unravels losing its specific shape and as a result its function.
Denaturation
A chemical bond formed between two molecules when the carboxyl group of 1 molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule releasing water.
Peptic bond
The product of a peptide bond reaction which is made from 2 amino acids
Dipeptide
Additional amino acids added by the same process to form a chain of amino acids.
Polypeptide
The precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. It determines the shape of a protein.
Primary protein structure
Segments of the chain coil or fold into local patterns.
Secondary Protein structure
The overall 3 dimensional shape of a protein.
Tertiary protein structure
Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain.
Quaternary protein structure
These structures are superimposed on each other to form functional proteins.
Protein structures
An amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance known as a _____.
Gene
Genes consist of ____.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is one of two types of polymers called nucleic acids and provide directions for its own replication.
DNA
Ribonucleic acid that DNA works through. Plays a role in the production of proteins. DNA is transcribed through this.
RNA
Monomers that make up nucleus Acids
Nucleotides
A nucleotide contains what 3 parts
- 5 carbon sugar
- (-) phosphate group
- nitrogenous base (nitrogen and carbon)
Each DNA nucleotide has 4 different nitrogenous bases… name them.
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
RNA contains which 4 bases?
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Urasil (U)
Which is a single polynucleotide strand?
RNA
Which is a double helix strand with two polynucleotides wrapped around each other and held together with hydrogen bonds?
DNA
Adenosine always pairs with which other base?
Thiamine
Cytosine always pairs with which base?
Guanine
