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BIO 1111 > Ch.7 Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ch.7 Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

These capture light energy

A

Chloroplasts

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2
Q

Plants use solar energy to convert CO2 and _____ to sugars and other organic molecules. They release____ as a by product.

A

H2O

O2

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3
Q

These are “self feeders” that make their own food. They are also the ultimate source of organic molecules for almost all other organisms.

A

Autotrophs

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4
Q

These are plants and other photosynthesizers that use the energy of light. They are producers of the biosphere and feed consumers

A

Photoautotrophs

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5
Q

These cannot make their own food and must consume plants or animals or decompose organic material. They are dependent on photoautotrophs for food and O2.

A

Heterotrophs

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6
Q

_______ are the major sites of photosynthesis in most plants.

A

Leaves

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7
Q

A light absorbing pigment in chloroplasts that plays a central role in connecting solar energy to chemical energy.

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

A green tissue in the interior of the leaf in which chloroplasts are concentrated.

A

Mesophyll

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9
Q

A thick fluid within an inner compartment of the chloroplasts is called?

A

Stroma

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10
Q

This is a tiny opening or pore that carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.

A

Stomata

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11
Q

These are inner connected membranous sacs suspended within the stroma. Built into these membranes are the chlorophyll molecules that capture light.

A

Thylakoids

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12
Q

How do the reactant molecules of photosynthesis reach the chloroplasts in the leaves?

A

CO2 enters the leaves through stomata and H2O enters the roots and is carried to leaves through veins.

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13
Q

In plants, H2O is split with hydrogen becoming incorporated into sugar and the o2 released as _____. The O2 released comes from water not ______.

A

Gas

CO2

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14
Q

Photosynthesis is a ____ process as is cellular respiration.

A

Redox

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15
Q

In the equation for photosynthesis

6 CO2 + 6 H2O —

A

C6H12O6

6 O2

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16
Q

When photosynthesis is reduced ____ is added and sugar as electrons are also added.

A

H+

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17
Q

When photosynthesis is oxidized the reactants lose _____ and _____.

A

Lose electrons and H+

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18
Q

______ energy of electrons increases as they move from H2O to CO2.

A

Potential

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19
Q

What provides the potential energy boost during photosynthesis?

A

The light captured by the chlorophyll in the chloroplasts.

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20
Q

Photosynthesis converts light energy to _____ energy and stores it in the chemical bonds of ______ molecules.

A

Chemical

Sugar

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21
Q

What is stage one of photosynthesis?

A

Light reactions

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22
Q

Where do light reactions occur?

A

In the thylakoids

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23
Q

Describe the process of light reactions.

A
  1. Light energy is converted to chemical energy and o2 is released.
  2. Water is split providing a source of electrons and giving o2 off as a by product.
  3. Light absorbed by chlorophyll molecules within the thylakoids is used to drive a transfer of electrons and H+ from water to electron acceptor NADP+.
  4. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH.
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24
Q

What does NADPH store?

A

Temporarily stores electrons and hydrogen ions and also provides reducing power to the Calvin cycle.

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25
Q

Light reactions absorb solar energy and convert it to chemical energy stored where?

A

ATP and NADPH

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26
Q

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

A

The Calvin cycle.

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27
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast

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28
Q

Describe the Calvin cycle.

A
  1. It requires no light directly for this stage but occurs during daylight.
  2. Cyclic series of reactions that assembles sugar molecules using CO2 and energy rich products of the light reactions.
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29
Q

This is the incorporation of carbon from CO2 into organic compounds. CO2 then enters the Calvin cycle and are reduced to sugars after.

A

Carbon fixation

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30
Q

Photosynthesis is a ______ process as is cellular respiration.

A

Redox

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31
Q

CO2 in photosynthesis becomes _____ to sugars as electrons and H+ are added to it.

A

reduced

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32
Q

H2O is _____ to O2 as they lose electrons and hydrogen ions.

A

Oxidized

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33
Q

______ energy of electrons increase as they move from H2O to CO2.

A

Potential

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34
Q

Light energy captured by ______ in the chloroplasts provide a potential energy boost.

A

Chlorophyll

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35
Q

Photosynthesis converts light energy to ______ energy and stores it in he chemical bonds of sugar and molecules.

A

chemical

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36
Q

CO2 enters the Calvin cycle and is reduced to sugars after ____ ____.

A

Carbon Fixation

37
Q

What provides the electrons for reducing carbon compounds in the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH produced by light reactions

38
Q

What provides the chemical energy that powers several of the steps of the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP

39
Q

Sunlight is electromagnetic energy or _____

A

Radiation

40
Q

This is the distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves.

A

wavelength

41
Q

This is the full range of electromagnetic wavelengths from short gamma rays to long radio waves.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

42
Q

What is the wavelength of visible light?

A

380nm-750nm

43
Q

These are discrete packets of fixed quantity of energy.

A

Photons

44
Q

The shorter the wavelength of light then the _____ the energy of its photons.

A

greater

45
Q

These are light absorbing molecules that are built into the thylakoid membranes. They absorb wavelengths of light and reflect and transmit other wavelengths.

A

Pigments

46
Q

We see the green wavelength of plants that are not absorbed but are _____ and reflected by the pigment.

A

transmitted

47
Q

This absorbs mainly blue violet and red light and reflects green light giving it a blue green color.

A

Chlorophyll a

48
Q

This absorbs mainly blue and orange light and reflects ( appears) olive greens.

A

Chlorophyll b

49
Q

Chlorophyll b conveys ______ energy to chlorophyll a.

A

absorbed

50
Q

This is contained in chloroplasts in various shades of yellow and orange.

A

Carotenoids

51
Q

The colors of fall are from longer lasting _____.

A

Carotenoids

52
Q

What color of light is least effective at driving photosynthesis? Why?

A

Green because it is mostly transmitted and reflected not absorbed by photosynthetic pigments.

53
Q

This consists of a number of light harvesting complexes surrounding a reaction center complex. Within the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll molecules are organized along with other pigments and proteins into clusters called what?

A

Photosystems

54
Q

This contains pigment molecules bound to proteins and function as light gathering antenna. The pigments absorb photons and pass energy from molecule to molecules until it reaches the reaction center.

A

Light harvesting complex

55
Q

This contains a pair of special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

A

Reaction center complex

56
Q

The electron acceptor within a reaction center complex is capable of accepting ______ and becoming reduced.

A

electrons

57
Q

Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain generate_____ and ____.

A

ATP

NADPH

58
Q

This is a chemiosmotic production of ATP. As an electron transport chain helps to produce the concentration graident of H+ across the thylakoid membrane synthase thus producing ATP.

A

Photosynthase

59
Q

Light reactions take place within the ______.

A

Thylakoid membrane

60
Q

ATP and NADPH powers sugar synthase in the _____ ___.

A

Calvin Cycle

61
Q

The calvin cycle functions as a sugar factory within the ____.

A

Chloroplasts

62
Q

Inputs to the Calvin cycle include what?

A
  1. CO2 from the air
  2. ATP generated from light reactions
  3. NADPH generated from light reactions
63
Q

What is the energy source of the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP

64
Q

What is the source of high energy electrons for reducing CO2 and sugar in the Calvin cycle?

A

NADPH

65
Q

What are the outputs from the Calvin cycle?

A
  1. G3P- gylceraldehyde 3

2. Energy rich carbon sugar

66
Q

Plant cells use the outputs from the Calvin cycle for what?

A

To make glucose, disaccharide sucrose and other organic molecules.

67
Q

This is the first step to the Calvin cycle.

A

Carbon fixation

68
Q

During the first step of the Calvin cycle the enzyme rubisco combines CO2 with this 5 carbon sugar.

A

RuBP- ribulose biphosphate

69
Q

How many times must carbon fixation turn?

A

3 times

70
Q

The products split into two molecules of what in the first step of the Calvin cycle?

A

splits into 2 molecules of 3 carbon organic acid and 3 phosphoglycerate (3-PGA)

71
Q

For every 3 CO2 entering the Calvin cycle, how many PGA results?

A

6

72
Q

This is the second step of the Calvin cycle.

A

Reduction

73
Q

What happens during the second step of the Calvin cycle?

A

A series of 2 chemical reactions uses energy from ATP and electrons donated from the NADPH to reduce 6 molecules of 3-PGA to 6 molecules of the energy rich 3-carbon sugar, G3P.

74
Q

Describe step 3 of the Calvin cycle.

A

The release of 1 molecule of G3P as a product. 5 remain in the cycle.

75
Q

Step 4 of the Calvin cycle is regenerate of RuBP.

A

The remaining 5 G3P molecules are rearranged using energy from ATP to regenerate 3 molecules of RuBP.

76
Q

To synthesize one glucose molecule, the Calvin cycle uses __ CO2, ___ ATP and __ NADPH.

A

6
18
12

77
Q

Other methods of ___ ___ have evolved in hot dry climates.

A

carbon fixation

78
Q

This is the process occurring in the light, consuming O2 and releases CO2. It uses ATP instead of producing it and yields no sugar.

A

Photorespiration

79
Q

This type of plant uses CO2 directly from the air and carbon fixation occurs when the enzyme rubisco adds CO2 to RuBP.

A

C3 plants.

80
Q

What are examples of C3 plants?

A
  • soybeans
  • oats
  • wheat
  • rice
81
Q

This plant type conserves water by closing the stomata.

A

C4 plants

82
Q

What are examples of C4 plants?

A
  • pineapples
  • cacti
  • succulents
83
Q

How do C4 plants conserve water?

A

By opening its stromata and admitting CO2 only at night and releasing it during the day.

84
Q

Photosynthesis makes sugar from O2 and H2O providing food and O2 for______.

A

Almost all living organisms.

85
Q

This is solar radiation passing through the atmosphere and warms the Earths surface.

A

Greenhouse effect

86
Q

What are types of greenhouse gases?

A

CO2, water vapor and methane

87
Q

Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases have been linked to ____ ____ ____.

A

Global Climate Change

88
Q

What are some consequences to global climate change?

A
  • Melting polar ice caps
  • rising sea levels
  • extreme weather patterns
  • draughts
  • increased extinction rates
  • spread of tropical diseases

BIO 1111 (11 decks)

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