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BIO 1111 > Ch.8 Cell Division > Flashcards

Ch.8 Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Cell reproduction where two daughter cells that result are genetically identical to each other and to the original parent cell.

A

Cell division

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2
Q

These structures contain most of the cells DNA. These duplicate during cell division before parent cell splits in two. One set is distributed to each daughter cell.

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

The creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent without the participation of sperm and egg.

A

Asexual reproduction

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4
Q

Which type of organisms asexually reproduce?

A

Single celled organisms- prokaryotes and eukaryotic yeast

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5
Q

This type of reproductions requires the fertilization of an egg by a sperm.

A

Sexual reproduction

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6
Q

What are some of the roles of cell division?

A
  • production of gametes
  • function in renewal and repair of cells that die from normal wear and tear
  • divide every second to replace damaged it lost cells
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7
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis

Meiosis

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8
Q

What function does a cell division play in an amoeba? Your body?

A
  1. Reproduction

2. Development, growth, repair

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9
Q

Prokaryotes produce by?

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

This means dividing in half.

A

Binary fissio

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11
Q

In prokaryotes the majority of their genes are carried on a ____, which constitutes the organisms chromosomes.

A

Singular circular DNA molecule.

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12
Q

Describe what happens during binary fission.

A
  1. As the chromosome is duplicating, the copies move toward opposite ends of the cell elongating the cell
  2. Duplication is complete and the cell reaches twice it’s initial size where the plasma membrane grows inward and more cell wall is made.
  3. The parent cell is divided into two daughter cells.
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13
Q

Almost all genes in the cells of humans and I other eukaryotes are found in the cell _____ , grouped into multiple chromosomes.

A

Nucleus

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14
Q

Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of one long ____ molecule that bears hundreds of thousands of genes.

A

DNA

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15
Q

What to the protein molecules attached to DNA help maintain?

A

The chromosomes structure and control the activity of its genes.

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16
Q

This is the material of which the chromosomes of organisms (eukaryotes) are composed. They are a mass of long thin fibers that if stretched would be too long to fit in a cells nucleus.

A

Chromatin

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17
Q

What materials make up chromatin?

A

DNA, RNA and protein

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18
Q

Chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell are ______ before they condense and the cell divides.

A

Duplicated

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19
Q

These are joined copies of the original chromosomes.

A

Sister chromatids

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20
Q

This is the region where the two sister chromatids are attached together along their lengths by proteins, cinched especially tight.

A

Centromere

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21
Q

A typical dividing cell has how many duplicated chromosomes and how many chromatids?

A

46 chromosomes

96 chromatids

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22
Q

The cell cycle includes _____ and _____ phases.

A

Growing and division

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23
Q

This is the basis of reproduction for every organism.

A

Cell division

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24
Q

This is an ordered sequence of events that extends from the instant a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.

A

Cell cycle

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25
Q

What are the two main stages of a cell cycle?

A

Interphase- the growing stage

Mitotic- cell division stage

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26
Q

During this phase of cell division, the cell approximately doubles everything in its cytoplasm and precisely replicates its chromosomal DNA.

A

Interphase

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27
Q

Which phase of a cell cycle lasts for 90% of the total time required?

A

Interphase

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28
Q

Interphase is divided into what 3 subphases?

A
  1. G1
  2. S phase
  3. G2
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29
Q

This is the first gap where the cell grows during interphase.

A

G1

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30
Q

During this phase of interphase “synthesis” of DNA occurs. DNA is replicated, the cell grows, chromosomes doubled- two sister chromatids.

A

S phase

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31
Q

This is the second gap of interphase where the cell grows even more as it prepares for cell division.

A

G2

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32
Q

This is the second stage of cell cycle where the cell physically divided. It is 10% of the total time required for the cell cycle.

A

Mitotic phase

33
Q

What are the two stages of the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

34
Q

The nucleus and it’s contents- the duplicated chromosomes- divide and are distributed forming 2 daughter nuclei.

35
Q

This begins before mitosis ends and divides the cystoplasm in 2.

A

Cytokinesis

36
Q

The mitotic phase produces two _____ each with a single nucleus, surrounding cytoplasm- stocked with organelles and a plasma membrane.

A

Genetically identical daughter cells

37
Q

Mitosis is a continuum but has 5 distinguishable stages. What are they?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Metaphase
  4. Anaphase
  5. Telophase
38
Q

During this stage of mitosis, changes occur in both the nucleus and cytoplasm.

39
Q

What are the changes that occur in the nucleus during prophase?

A

Chromatin fibers become more tightly coiled and folded forming discrete chromosomes.

40
Q

What are he changes that occur in cytoplasm during prophase?

A

The mitotic spindle begins to form as microtubules rapidly grow out from the centromeres and begin to move away from each other.

41
Q

What happens during the 2nd stage of mitosis: prometaphase?

A

The nuclear envelope breaks into fragments and disappears.

Protein motors force the chromosomes toward the center of the cell.

42
Q

Metaphase is the third stage of mitosis. What occurs during this stage?

A

The mitotic spindle is fully formed with poles at opposite ends of the cell.
Chromosomes convene on the metaphase plate.

43
Q

This stage begins when the 2 centromeres of each chromosome come apart separating the sister chromatids.

44
Q

What happens at the end of anaphase?

A

The two ends of the cell have equal collections of chromosomes.

45
Q

This stage continues the elongation from anaphase and is the reverse of prophase.

A

Telophase.

46
Q

This is the division of cytoplasm and usually occurs simultaneously with telophase. During this time a cleavage furrow is formed and the cell pinches into two.

A

Cytokinesis

47
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells occurs by _____.

48
Q

This is a shallow groove in the cell surface. At this site the cytoplasm has a ring of micro filaments made of actin associated with molecules of myosin.

A

Cleavage furrow

49
Q

Actin and myosin are responsible for _____.

A

Muscle contraction

50
Q

This is a physics factor that animal cells must be in contact with solid surfaces to divide.

A

Anchorage dependence

51
Q

This is a physical factor that regulates cell growth rate, a phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing.

A

Density-dependent inhibition

52
Q

This is a protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide.

A

Growth factor

53
Q

Growth factors signal the cell cycle ____ ____.

A

Control system

54
Q

This is cyclically operating set of molecules I. The cell that both triggers and coordinates key event in the cell cycle.

A

Cell cycle control system

55
Q

These are critical points in the cell cycle where stop and go ahead signals can regulate the cycle.

A

Checkpoints

56
Q

Where are checkpoints within the cell cycle?

A

G1, G2, subphases of interphase and the M phase.

57
Q

This is the most important checkpoint in a cell. If a cell receives a go ahead signal from a growth factor it will then enter the s phase.

A

G1 checkpoint

58
Q

Cancer is a disease of the ____ ____.

A

Cell cycle

59
Q

This is a mass of abnormally growing cells within an otherwise normal tissue.

60
Q

This is a type of tumor that spread into neighboring tissues and invade other parts of the body, displacing normal tissue and interrupting organ function as it grows.

A

Malignant tumor

61
Q

This is the spread of cancer cells beyond their original site. The cancer cells may separate from the original tumor or secrete signal molecules that cause blood vessels to grow toward the tumor.

A

Metastasis

62
Q

This is a type of body cell in humans and has 46 chromosomes.

A

Somatic cells

63
Q

This is two chromosomes of such a matching pair.

A

Homologous chromosomes.

64
Q

This is a particular place on one chromosome

65
Q

What is the exception to the general pattern of homologous chromosomes?

A

The sex chromosomes X and Y

66
Q

Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes are called?

67
Q

Are all of your chromosomes fully homologous?

A

In a female yes.

In a male no.

68
Q

This is the sequence of stages leading from the adults of one generation to the adults of the next.

A

Life cycle

69
Q

What is the key factor in the life cycle of all species that reproduce sexually is having ______.

A

2 sets of chromosomes one inherited from each parent.

70
Q

All somatic cells that contain pairs of homologous chromosomes are called?

71
Q

What is the diploid number for humans?

A

46 that is 2n=46

72
Q

This is the single chromosome set in humans.

73
Q

Human life begins with haploid sperm cells fusing with a haploid cell in a process called…

A

Fertilization

74
Q

This is a resulting fertilized egg.

75
Q

The only human cell not produced by mitosis. It is produced by meiosis.

76
Q

Each of the 4 daughter cells formed from meiosis is ______ and contains only a single chromosome from the homologous pair.

77
Q

How many autosomes are found in a sperm cell? How many and which sex chromosome?

A

22 autosomes and either an X or Y sex chromosome

78
Q

This is a type of cell division that produces haploid gametes in diploid organisms. It resembles mitosis stages.

BIO 1111 (11 decks)

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