Ch.1 Flashcards
The scientific study of life
Biology
What are the 7 properties and processes associated with life?
- Order
- Reproduction
- Growth and Development
- Energy Processing
- Regulation
- Response to the environment.
- Evolutionary adaptation
The ordered structure that typifies life.
Living cells make up this complex organization.
Order
Organisms reproduce their own kind
Reproduction
Inherited information in the form of DNA controls the pattern of growth and development of all organisms.
Growth and Development
Energy stored to power and organisms own activities and chemical reactions.
Energy Processing
Many types of mechanisms regulate on organisms internal environment, keeping it within limits that sustain life.
Regulation
All organisms respond to environmental stimuli.
Response to environment
Adaptations evolved over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environment have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.
Evolutionary Adaptation
All of the environments on earth that support life.
Biosphere
Consists of all the organisms living in a particular area as well as the physical components with which the organisms interact, such as soil, air, water and sunlight.
Ecosystem
The entire array of organisms in an ecosystem.
Community
All of the individuals of a particular species living in an area
Population
An individual living thing.
Organism
A system of several organs that cooperate in a specific function such as the circulatory system.
Organs
Organs are made up of several different______
Tissues
Tissues are made up of a group of similar ______
Cells
The fundamental unit of life, the level at which the properties of life emerge- the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life.
Cell
A membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a cell.
Organelle
A cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds.
Molecule
Which of these levels of biological organization includes all others in the list? Cell Molecule Organ Tissue
Organ
New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Emergent Properties
Two main forms of cells.
- Prokaryotic Cells
2. Eukaryotic Cells
This type of cell was the first to evolve, contains a membrane and DNA, no nucleus, and is bacteria.
Prokaryotic cells
This type of cell evolved from prokaryotic cells, contains a nucleus and are plants, animals, fungi and protists.
Eukaryotic cells
The study of a biological system and modeling of its dynamic behavior by analyzing the interactions among its parts.
System Biology
This is the most diverse and widespread prokaryote. It helps breakdown dead material.
Bacteria
This type of prokaryote lives in Earths extreme environments.
Archaea
What are the 6 kingdoms of cells.
- Bacteria
- Archaea
- Protists
- Fungi
- Animilia- eukaryotes
- Plantae- eukaryotes
Diverse organisms display certain characteristics that reinforce the concept of unity among living things.
Unity and Diversity
What are the two major processes of the ecosystem?
- recycling of chemicals
2. Flow of energy
Explain how the photosynthesis of plants function in both the cycling of chemicals and the flow of energy in a ecosystem.
Photosynthesis uses light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water to energy rich foods, making it the pathway by which both chemicals and energy become available to most organisms.
DNA is the chemical substance of ____
Genes
The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its _____
genome
What are the two main functions of DNA?
DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring and it codes for proteins that control the activities of cells.
The diversity of life can be arranged into what 3 domains?
- Domain Bacteria
- Domain Archaea
- Domain Eukarya- protists, kingdom plantae, kindom fungi, kingdom animalia
The process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.
Evolution
Evolution is what ____
Passive
Inheritable
Evolution is not what ____
Deliberate or planned
Individuals do not evolve
Not caused by lack of use/need for structure
The origin of species by means of natural selection was discovered by whom?
Charles Darwin
Species living today are all descendants of ancestral species.
Descent with modification
The mechanisms driving evolution is ____
natural selection
Individuals in populations vary in their traits and many of these traits can be passed from one generation to the next.
Individual Variation
Most species produce far more offspring than the environment could ever support.
Overproduction of offspring.
What determines if a naturally occurring variation gets passed on?
Environmental Pressure
Explain the cause and effect of unequal reproductive success.
Those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment produce the greatest number of offspring. Over many generations, the frequency of those adaptive traits increase in the population.
A proposed explanation for a set of observations.
Hypothesis
What is the main criterion for a scientific hypothesis?
It must generate predictions that can be tested.
