CH8

Question 1

PAUL EKMAN’s discrete emotion theory

Answer 1

universal, innate set of basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Question 2

dimensional models

Answer 2

two dimensions: valence and arousal

a common neurophysiological system is responsible for ALL emotions

Question 3

definition of emotion from a dimensional view

Answer 3

positive/negative experience that is associated w/ a particular pattern of physiological activity

Question 4

arousal

Answer 4

how physiological arousal gives rise to emotion

neural level/nervous system

Question 5

valence

Answer 5

how positive or negative the event/experience is

the emotion that follows

Question 6

how are emotions measured and categorized?

Answer 6

measured: MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
categorized: FOUNDATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

Question 7

James-Lange theory

Answer 7

stimulus triggers activity in ANS first

THEN produces emotional experience in brain

(CONSCIOUS AWARENESS of physiological responses to stimuli)

Question 8

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 8

stimulus SIMULTANEOUSLY triggers activity in ANS + emotional experience

(body responses run PARALLEL to cognitive responses; they do not cause emotions)

Question 9

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory

Answer 9

body + cognitive label = emotion

you only feel after you label an experience w/ an emotion

Question 10

Problems w/James-Lange theory

Answer 10

emotions are fast/body is slow

people cannot detect small physiological changes

unlikely for a unique body response to EVERY emotion

non-emotional stimuli can give the same response (eg sweating)

Question 11

which emotions produce higher heart rates?

Answer 11

anger, fear, sadness

Question 12

which emotion produces the largest increase in finger temperature?

Answer 12

anger

Question 13

which parts of the brain play a role in emotion?

Answer 13

hypothalamus, amygdala (threat detector/emotion recognition), hippocampus (memory)

Question 14

what type of process is linked to the cortex where language and complex thought reside?

Answer 14

cognitive appraisal process

Question 15

how is the pre-frontal cortex involved with emotion?

Answer 15

regulation (planning, reasoning, control, impulsivity)

Question 16

appraisal

Answer 16

evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

Question 17

ledoux

Answer 17

two pathways of fear to brain

1. FAST (thalamus -> amygdala)
2. SLOW (thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala)

Question 18

how are emotions adaptive?

Answer 18

signal important events, direct attention to them

fight/flight

social communication (provides observable info about internal states/influences others’ behaviour)

Question 19

emotion regulation

Answer 19

using cognitive and behavioural strategies to influence emotional experience

Question 20

cognition

Answer 20

evokes emotions (e.g thinking of emotional events evokes feelings)

influences expression and how we act

Question 21

appraisal

Answer 21

cognitive-emotional process

choosing how to view situations (your POV)

Question 22

reappraisal

Answer 22

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

eg bracelet sentimental. break up…ANGER

Question 23

emotional expression

Answer 23

face has 46 UNIQUE ACTION UNITS

observable sign of an emotional state

Question 24

Darwin’s universality hypothesis

Answer 24

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; UNIVERSAL

people are generally good at judging/creating expressions (6 universal emotions)

Question 25

facial feedback hypothesis

Answer 25

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify e.g. If I look angry, I can make myself feel angry.

Question 26

mirror neurons role/effect

Answer 26

mimicking other people's facial expressions allow us to feel/identify their emotions

Question 27

what happens if you have amydala damge?

Answer 27

hard to recognize emotion impairment in experiencing/making their own facial expressions

Question 28

what are the 4 display rules

Answer 28

norms for the control of emotional expression (intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing), differs among cultures

Question 29

4 features that distinguish/differentiate sincere and insincere expressions

Answer 29

1. morphology (reliable muscles) 2. symmetry 3. duration 4. temporal patterning

Question 30

Capgras Syndrome

Answer 30

damage to connections between the temporal lobe and limbic system (family members/friends = imposters)

Question 31

Aristotle's Hedonic principle

Answer 31

notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

Question 32

instinct

Answer 32

fixed (rigid/predictable) pattern of behaviour, not acquired by learning, rooted in genes/body

Question 33

drive

Answer 33

aroused/tense state related to a physical need (eg hunger, thirst)

Question 34

drive-reduction theory

Answer 34

idea that humans are motivated to reduce drives (eg eating to reduce hunger), restores homeostasis

Question 35

intrinsic motivation

Answer 35

actions that are rewarding themselves (tend to be more satisfying)

Question 36

extrinsic motivation

Answer 36

actions that only lead to an award (may undermine intrinsic awards)

Question 37

conscious motivation

Answer 37

awareness of our general motivations

Question 38

unconscious motivation

Answer 38

not aware

Question 39

approach motivation

Answer 39

to experience + outcomes

Question 40

avoidance motivation

Answer 40

to not experience - outcomes (more powerful, more risks, prevention focus)

Question 41

terror management theory

Answer 41

we cope w/existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (meaningful immortality through legacies)

Question 42

morality-salience hypothesis

Answer 42

prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

Question 43

Hunger signals

Answer 43

orexigenic/anorexigence sent to and from the brain

Question 44

ghrelin

Answer 44

hormone produced in stomach; signals brain to switch hunger on

Question 45

leptin

Answer 45

chemical secreted by fat cells that tell brain to turn hunger off by making it unappealing

Question 46

bulimia nervosa

Answer 46

binge eating followed by purging (bad effects: acid affecting esophagus and teeth)

Question 47

anorexia nervosa

Answer 47

intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake (gender/cultural differences)

Question 48

reasons for obesity?

Answer 48

environmental toxins, too much good bacteria in gut, leptin-resistance, eating too much

Question 49

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 49

receives messages to turn hunger on

Question 50

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 50

receives messages to turn hunger off