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PSYC100 > CH8 > Flashcards

CH8 Flashcards

1
Q

PAUL EKMAN’s discrete emotion theory

A

universal, innate set of basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

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2
Q

dimensional models

A

two dimensions: valence and arousal

a common neurophysiological system is responsible for ALL emotions

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3
Q

definition of emotion from a dimensional view

A

positive/negative experience that is associated w/ a particular pattern of physiological activity

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4
Q

arousal

A

how physiological arousal gives rise to emotion

neural level/nervous system

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5
Q

valence

A

how positive or negative the event/experience is

the emotion that follows

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6
Q

how are emotions measured and categorized?

A

measured: MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING
categorized: FOUNDATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS

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7
Q

James-Lange theory

A

stimulus triggers activity in ANS first

THEN produces emotional experience in brain

(CONSCIOUS AWARENESS of physiological responses to stimuli)

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8
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

stimulus SIMULTANEOUSLY triggers activity in ANS + emotional experience

(body responses run PARALLEL to cognitive responses; they do not cause emotions)

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9
Q

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor theory

A

body + cognitive label = emotion

you only feel after you label an experience w/ an emotion

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10
Q

Problems w/James-Lange theory

A

emotions are fast/body is slow

people cannot detect small physiological changes

unlikely for a unique body response to EVERY emotion

non-emotional stimuli can give the same response (eg sweating)

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11
Q

which emotions produce higher heart rates?

A

anger, fear, sadness

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12
Q

which emotion produces the largest increase in finger temperature?

A

anger

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13
Q

which parts of the brain play a role in emotion?

A

hypothalamus, amygdala (threat detector/emotion recognition), hippocampus (memory)

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14
Q

what type of process is linked to the cortex where language and complex thought reside?

A

cognitive appraisal process

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15
Q

how is the pre-frontal cortex involved with emotion?

A

regulation (planning, reasoning, control, impulsivity)

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16
Q

appraisal

A

evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

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17
Q

ledoux

A

two pathways of fear to brain

  1. FAST (thalamus -> amygdala)
  2. SLOW (thalamus -> cortex -> amygdala)
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18
Q

how are emotions adaptive?

A

signal important events, direct attention to them

fight/flight

social communication (provides observable info about internal states/influences others’ behaviour)

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19
Q

emotion regulation

A

using cognitive and behavioural strategies to influence emotional experience

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20
Q

cognition

A

evokes emotions (e.g thinking of emotional events evokes feelings)

influences expression and how we act

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21
Q

appraisal

A

cognitive-emotional process

choosing how to view situations (your POV)

22
Q

reappraisal

A

changing one’s emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotion-eliciting stimulus

eg bracelet sentimental. break up…ANGER

23
Q

emotional expression

A

face has 46 UNIQUE ACTION UNITS

observable sign of an emotional state

24
Q

Darwin’s universality hypothesis

A

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone; UNIVERSAL

people are generally good at judging/creating expressions (6 universal emotions)

25
Q

facial feedback hypothesis

A

emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify

e.g. If I look angry, I can make myself feel angry.

26
Q

mirror neurons role/effect

A

mimicking other people’s facial expressions allow us to feel/identify their emotions

27
Q

what happens if you have amydala damge?

A

hard to recognize emotion

impairment in experiencing/making their own facial expressions

28
Q

what are the 4 display rules

A

norms for the control of emotional expression

(intensification, deintensification, masking, neutralizing), differs among cultures

29
Q

4 features that distinguish/differentiate sincere and insincere expressions

A
  1. morphology (reliable muscles)
  2. symmetry
  3. duration
  4. temporal patterning
30
Q

Capgras Syndrome

A

damage to connections between the temporal lobe and limbic system

(family members/friends = imposters)

31
Q

Aristotle’s Hedonic principle

A

notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

32
Q

instinct

A

fixed (rigid/predictable) pattern of behaviour, not acquired by learning, rooted in genes/body

33
Q

drive

A

aroused/tense state related to a physical need (eg hunger, thirst)

34
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

idea that humans are motivated to reduce drives (eg eating to reduce hunger), restores homeostasis

35
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

actions that are rewarding themselves (tend to be more satisfying)

36
Q

extrinsic motivation

A

actions that only lead to an award (may undermine intrinsic awards)

37
Q

conscious motivation

A

awareness of our general motivations

38
Q

unconscious motivation

A

not aware

39
Q

approach motivation

A

to experience + outcomes

40
Q

avoidance motivation

A

to not experience - outcomes (more powerful, more risks, prevention focus)

41
Q

terror management theory

A

we cope w/existential terror by developing a cultural worldview (meaningful immortality through legacies)

42
Q

morality-salience hypothesis

A

prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews

43
Q

Hunger signals

A

orexigenic/anorexigence sent to and from the brain

44
Q

ghrelin

A

hormone produced in stomach; signals brain to switch hunger on

45
Q

leptin

A

chemical secreted by fat cells that tell brain to turn hunger off by making it unappealing

46
Q

bulimia nervosa

A

binge eating followed by purging (bad effects: acid affecting esophagus and teeth)

47
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake (gender/cultural differences)

48
Q

reasons for obesity?

A

environmental toxins, too much good bacteria in gut, leptin-resistance, eating too much

49
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

receives messages to turn hunger on

50
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

receives messages to turn hunger off

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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