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PSYC100 > CH1&2 > Flashcards

CH1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

mind

A

private inner experience of perception, thoughts, memories, feelings

STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

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2
Q

Dualism

A

Rene Descartes

mind and body separate
connected at the pineal gland

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3
Q

phrenology

A

Franz Joseph GALL

specific mental abilities & characteristics located in specific parts of the brain;

different things responsible for different parts

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4
Q

Helmholtz

A

measured speed of responses

proved that mental responses aren’t instantaneous

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5
Q

William Wundt

A

first psychology lab

pioneered structuralism

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6
Q

Structuralism

A

analysis of the basic elements that constitute the brain

consciousness measured by introspection

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7
Q

Introspection

A

subjective observation of one’s own experience

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8
Q

William James

A

pioneered functionalism

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9
Q

functionalism

A

study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling ppl to adapt to their environment

consciousness is important biological function, let’s figure out what it does!

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10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Wallace’s bae, came up with the psychoanalytical theory

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11
Q

Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

A

pioneered humanistic psychology after WWII cause they liked the good vibes & Freud was too depressing

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12
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

people have their own free will, inherent need to develop and grow, attain full potential

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13
Q

John Watson

A

pioneered behaviourism

tortured a baby

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14
Q

behaviourism

A

study of observable behaviour (cause private experience too subjective), controlled by environment

studied animals’ behaviour and adaptations

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15
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

study with dogs; conditioned reflexes

associated the bell with the dog’s PRIMAL INSTINCT of hunger

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16
Q

B.F Skinner

A

came up with the principle of reinforcement

operant reinforcement (rewards and punishment)

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17
Q

principle of reinforcement (operant reinforcement)

A

people respond to present and past patterns of reinforcement

choose to do things because we have been rewarded in the past for doing so

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18
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

illusion stuff; errors of perception and memory, or where subjective experience is different from reality

moving lights experiment; lights perceived as a whole; moving instead of flashing (Gestalt)

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19
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

approach; we perceive the whole rather than the sum

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20
Q

cognitive psychology

A

scientific study of mental processes

includes perception, memory, thought, reasoning

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21
Q

behaviour neuroscience

A

approach; links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system & other bodily processes

e.g observe animals’ responses, see which parts light up in the brain

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22
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

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23
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

explains mind & behaviour using the adaptive values retained thru natural selection

brain built to do some things well and others not at all

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24
Q

social psychology

A

study of causes and consequences of sociality

e.g. if everyone did something we’re pressured to do it too, even if we don’t think it’s right

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25
name two social psychologists
Lewin - behaviour is the cause of internal and external forces Asch - ppl combine small bits of info about another person into a full impression of that person's personality
26
cultural psychology
studies how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of its members
27
Absolutism vs Relativism
cultural psychology theory absolutism = culture makes no difference; honesty is honesty and depression is depression no matter where ur from relativism = makes a difference; depression is different in Eastern and Western countries
28
empiricism
belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
29
scientific method
procedure for finding the truth by using empirical evidence (observed evidence)
30
hypothesis
FALSIFIABLE prediction made by a theory; to be tested
31
rule of parsimony
simplest theory that explains all the evidence is the best theory e.g. E = mc2
32
empirical method
set of rules and techniques for observation; humans are complex, variable, and reactive, which makes them hard to study
33
operational definition
description of a property in concrete, measurable terms
34
instrument
the measurer for detecting whatever the operational definition refers to
35
validity
goodness with which a concrete event defines a property
36
instruments should be...
reliable (able to produce the same results on more than one occasion) has POWER (able to detect small magnitudes of the property)
37
demand characteristics
aspects of an observational setting that cause ppl to behave in a way they think they are expected to e.g. Stanford prison experiment
38
naturalistic observation
technique for gathering scientific info by unobtrusively observing ppl in their natural environment ALWAYS CORRELATIONAL
39
what is observer bias and how can it be prevented?
when the observer is expecting some kind of result, so they actively seek that result avoid by using the DOUBLE BLIND method, where they are given instructions but don't know the hypothesis
40
frequency distribution
graph representing measurements arranged by the number of times each measurement was made
41
normal distribution
BELL CURVE, where the frequency is highest in the middle, and decreases in both directions
42
mode, mean, and median
mode = value of the most frequently observed measurement mean = average of all measurements median = value that is in the middle
43
case method
method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual
44
correlational study
relationship between two or more phenomena
45
correlation coefficient
(R) tells how closely the two things are related mathematical measure of both strength and direction of a correlation
46
r ranges
for correlation coefficient -1.0 perfect negative correlation +1.0 perfect positive correlation 0 no correlation
47
manipulation
creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal power
48
independent variable
the one that's manipulated under experimenter's control
49
dependent variable
variable studied in a study depends on what the person being measured says or does
50
random sampling
every member of the population has same chance to be in your study
51
representative sampling
sample of a population that's smaller but reflects the characteristics of the population
52
random assignment
assign randomly ppl to the experimental/control group without bias
53
extraneous variables
any variable other than the IV and DV
54
confounding variables
extraneous variables that changes systematically along with the IV and DV
55
null hypothesis
when random sampling fails; no significant different between the populations any observed differences after the "treatment IV" are due to sampling or experimental error
56
what is p
for seeing if you're gonna reject your hypothesis or not if p is less than 5%, you reject the null if p is greater than 5%, you accept that ur hypothesis was shit
57
Plato and Aristotle
Plato - Nativism -certain kinds of knowledge are innate Aristotle - Philosophical Empiricism -all knowledge is acquire through experience
58
natural correlations
correlations observed in the world around us
59
third variable correlation
when two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable
60
matched SAMPLES technique
where participants in a group of study are identical in terms of a third variable e.g. making sure they ALL have Q% of adult supervision
61
matched PAIRS technique
where each participant is identical to ONE OTHER in terms of a third variable
62
third variable problem
you cannot determine the cause from observing the natural correlation of two variables because there is always the possibility of a third variable correlation
63
experiment
establishing the causal effect between variables two parts: manipulation and random assignment
64
experimental group vs control group
experimental = group of people who are exposed to manipulation control = group that is not exposed
65
self-selection
when someone makes the decision whether or not they want to be in an experiment causes problems cause CHOICE creates too many variables to take into consideration
66
internal validity
when everything inside the experiment is working exactly as it should in order for use to draw a conclusion of a CAUSAL relationship
67
external validity
where the variables have been defined as they usually would be in the real world
68
ethical code followed by psychologist while doing research
``` informed consent (written agreement after all risks are given) freedom from coercion protection from harm confidentiality debriefing ```
69
standard deviation
statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements of a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution (how far are measurements from the center of the distribution)

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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