Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC100 > CH1&2 > Flashcards

CH1&2 Flashcards

1
Q

mind

A

private inner experience of perception, thoughts, memories, feelings

STREAM OF CONSCIOUSNESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Dualism

A

Rene Descartes

mind and body separate
connected at the pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phrenology

A

Franz Joseph GALL

specific mental abilities & characteristics located in specific parts of the brain;

different things responsible for different parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Helmholtz

A

measured speed of responses

proved that mental responses aren’t instantaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

William Wundt

A

first psychology lab

pioneered structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Structuralism

A

analysis of the basic elements that constitute the brain

consciousness measured by introspection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Introspection

A

subjective observation of one’s own experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

William James

A

pioneered functionalism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

functionalism

A

study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling ppl to adapt to their environment

consciousness is important biological function, let’s figure out what it does!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Wallace’s bae, came up with the psychoanalytical theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers

A

pioneered humanistic psychology after WWII cause they liked the good vibes & Freud was too depressing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Humanistic psychology

A

people have their own free will, inherent need to develop and grow, attain full potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

John Watson

A

pioneered behaviourism

tortured a baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

behaviourism

A

study of observable behaviour (cause private experience too subjective), controlled by environment

studied animals’ behaviour and adaptations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

study with dogs; conditioned reflexes

associated the bell with the dog’s PRIMAL INSTINCT of hunger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

B.F Skinner

A

came up with the principle of reinforcement

operant reinforcement (rewards and punishment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

principle of reinforcement (operant reinforcement)

A

people respond to present and past patterns of reinforcement

choose to do things because we have been rewarded in the past for doing so

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

illusion stuff; errors of perception and memory, or where subjective experience is different from reality

moving lights experiment; lights perceived as a whole; moving instead of flashing (Gestalt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

approach; we perceive the whole rather than the sum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cognitive psychology

A

scientific study of mental processes

includes perception, memory, thought, reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

behaviour neuroscience

A

approach; links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system & other bodily processes

e.g observe animals’ responses, see which parts light up in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

explains mind & behaviour using the adaptive values retained thru natural selection

brain built to do some things well and others not at all

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

social psychology

A

study of causes and consequences of sociality

e.g. if everyone did something we’re pressured to do it too, even if we don’t think it’s right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

name two social psychologists

A

Lewin - behaviour is the cause of internal and external forces

Asch - ppl combine small bits of info about another person into a full impression of that person’s personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

cultural psychology

A

studies how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of its members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Absolutism vs Relativism

A

cultural psychology theory

absolutism = culture makes no difference; honesty is honesty and depression is depression no matter where ur from

relativism = makes a difference; depression is different in Eastern and Western countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

empiricism

A

belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation

29
Q

scientific method

A

procedure for finding the truth by using empirical evidence (observed evidence)

30
Q

hypothesis

A

FALSIFIABLE prediction made by a theory; to be tested

31
Q

rule of parsimony

A

simplest theory that explains all the evidence is the best theory

e.g. E = mc2

32
Q

empirical method

A

set of rules and techniques for observation;

humans are complex, variable, and reactive, which makes them hard to study

33
Q

operational definition

A

description of a property in concrete, measurable terms

34
Q

instrument

A

the measurer for detecting whatever the operational definition refers to

35
Q

validity

A

goodness with which a concrete event defines a property

36
Q

instruments should be…

A

reliable (able to produce the same results on more than one occasion)

has POWER (able to detect small magnitudes of the property)

37
Q

demand characteristics

A

aspects of an observational setting that cause ppl to behave in a way they think they are expected to

e.g. Stanford prison experiment

38
Q

naturalistic observation

A

technique for gathering scientific info by unobtrusively observing ppl in their natural environment

ALWAYS CORRELATIONAL

39
Q

what is observer bias and how can it be prevented?

A

when the observer is expecting some kind of result, so they actively seek that result

avoid by using the DOUBLE BLIND method, where they are given instructions but don’t know the hypothesis

40
Q

frequency distribution

A

graph representing measurements

arranged by the number of times each measurement was made

41
Q

normal distribution

A

BELL CURVE, where the frequency is highest in the middle, and decreases in both directions

42
Q

mode, mean, and median

A

mode = value of the most frequently observed measurement

mean = average of all measurements

median = value that is in the middle

43
Q

case method

A

method of gathering scientific knowledge by studying a single individual

44
Q

correlational study

A

relationship between two or more phenomena

45
Q

correlation coefficient

A

(R) tells how closely the two things are related

mathematical measure of both strength and direction of a correlation

46
Q

r ranges

A

for correlation coefficient
-1.0 perfect negative correlation
+1.0 perfect positive correlation
0 no correlation

47
Q

manipulation

A

creation of an artificial pattern of variation in a variable in order to determine its causal power

48
Q

independent variable

A

the one that’s manipulated

under experimenter’s control

49
Q

dependent variable

A

variable studied in a study

depends on what the person being measured says or does

50
Q

random sampling

A

every member of the population has same chance to be in your study

51
Q

representative sampling

A

sample of a population that’s smaller but reflects the characteristics of the population

52
Q

random assignment

A

assign randomly ppl to the experimental/control group without bias

53
Q

extraneous variables

A

any variable other than the IV and DV

54
Q

confounding variables

A

extraneous variables that changes systematically along with the IV and DV

55
Q

null hypothesis

A

when random sampling fails; no significant different between the populations

any observed differences after the “treatment IV” are due to sampling or experimental error

56
Q

what is p

A

for seeing if you’re gonna reject your hypothesis or not

if p is less than 5%, you reject the null
if p is greater than 5%, you accept that ur hypothesis was shit

57
Q

Plato and Aristotle

A

Plato - Nativism
-certain kinds of knowledge are innate

Aristotle - Philosophical Empiricism
-all knowledge is acquire through experience

58
Q

natural correlations

A

correlations observed in the world around us

59
Q

third variable correlation

A

when two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable

60
Q

matched SAMPLES technique

A

where participants in a group of study are identical in terms of a third variable

e.g. making sure they ALL have Q% of adult supervision

61
Q

matched PAIRS technique

A

where each participant is identical to ONE OTHER in terms of a third variable

62
Q

third variable problem

A

you cannot determine the cause from observing the natural correlation of two variables because there is always the possibility of a third variable correlation

63
Q

experiment

A

establishing the causal effect between variables

two parts: manipulation and random assignment

64
Q

experimental group vs control group

A

experimental = group of people who are exposed to manipulation

control = group that is not exposed

65
Q

self-selection

A

when someone makes the decision whether or not they want to be in an experiment

causes problems cause CHOICE creates too many variables to take into consideration

66
Q

internal validity

A

when everything inside the experiment is working exactly as it should in order for use to draw a conclusion of a CAUSAL relationship

67
Q

external validity

A

where the variables have been defined as they usually would be in the real world

68
Q

ethical code followed by psychologist while doing research

A 
informed consent (written agreement after all risks are given)
freedom from coercion
protection from harm
confidentiality
debriefing
69
Q

standard deviation

A

statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements of a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution

(how far are measurements from the center of the distribution)

PSYC100 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions