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PSYC100 > CH5 > Flashcards

CH5 Flashcards

1
Q

Problem of other minds

A

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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2
Q

Benjamin Libet experiment

A

Timing conscious will

Brain activity occurs before the conscious desire to act does.

EEG measured brain activity

EMG measured finger movement

Questions “Free will”

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3
Q

What are the 4 properties of consciousness?

A

INTENTIONALITY: being directed toward an object

UNITY: integrate info from all senses into one coherent whole

SELECTIVITY: include some objects but not others

TRANSIENCE: tendency to change (e.g. Necker cube)

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4
Q

Consciousness

A

Subjective experience of the world and the mind

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5
Q

Dichotic listening

A

Example of selectivity

A task in which people wearing headphones hear different messages presented to each ear

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6
Q

Cocktail party phenomenon

A

Example of selectivity

People tune in one message while filtering others nearby

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7
Q

minimal consciousness

A

low-level sensory awareness/responsiveness

when mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

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8
Q

Phenomenology

A

How things seem to the conscious person

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9
Q

Full consciousness

A

when you know and can report your mental state

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10
Q

Self-consciousness

A

Distinct level of consciousness

person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

Eg: Self-recognition in the mirror (babies

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12
Q

Thought Suppression

A

Conscious avoidance o a thought

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13
Q

Daydreaming

A

A state of consciousness

seemingly purposeless flow of thoughts comes to mind (default network in brain is activated)

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14
Q

Rebound effect of thought suppression

A

Tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency following suppression

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15
Q

Ironic processes of mental control

A

Mental processes that can produce ironic errors because monitoring for errors can produce them

Dostoevsky
Experiment: people ring a bell when they think of the polar bear after being told not to for 5 minutes

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16
Q

Mental control

A

Attempt to change conscious states of mind

occurs during thought suppression

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17
Q

Repression

A

A mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts from consciousness and keeps them in the unconscious

Freud

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18
Q

Dynamic unconscious

A

a lifetime of hidden memories and their deepest desires (id)

struggle to control the id

Freud

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19
Q

Experience-sampling technique

A

People are asked to report their conscious experiences at particular times.

Results: people mainly think about current concerns (eg relationships, exercise, jobs, finance, etc)

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20
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

mental processes that give rise to thoughts, choices, emotions, behaviour even though they are not experienced

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21
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

occurs during dreaming

A form of experience that departs from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

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22
Q

Subliminal perception

A

Thought or behaviour that is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving

Eg subliminal messages in 1960s theatres “eat popcorn”, “drink Coke”

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23
Q

Freudian slips

A

Evidence of unconscious mind in speech errors and lapses of consciousness

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25
Q

Electrooculograph (EOG)

A

Instrument that measures eye movements

detects/measures REM

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26
Q

REM sleep

A

stage of sleep

rapid eye movements and a high level of brain activity

low brain wave activity (alpha/theta/beta waves) breathing rapid/irregular, vivid/memorable dreams

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27
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

A naturally occurring 24-hour sleep cycle

Hormones (seratonin), blood pressure, and body temperature levels fluctuate throughout the day but they follow a rhythmic pattern

28
Q

Stage 3 of Sleep Cycle (NREM3/N3)

A

“Deep sleep”, dreaming common (not vivid), disorders, delta waves/slow rolling waves

25% duration of total sleep cycle

29
Q

How often does REM sleep occur?

A

Every 90-120 minutes

20-25% total sleep time

30
Q

Stage 1 of Sleep Cycle (NREM1/N1)

A

Stage between wakefulness and sleep, drowsy sleep.

Beta/gamma waves (awake) -> alpha waves

5% duration of total sleep cycle

31
Q

Stage 2 of Sleep Cycle (NREM2/N2)

A

First ‘real sleep stage’, conscious awareness fades

Theta waves + sleep spindles + K complexes

45% duration of total sleep cycle

32
Q

Which hormones activate and inhibit REM?

A

Activated by: acetylcholine
Inhibited by: serotonin

Pons

33
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in falling/staying asleep

Chronic: 10% adults, depression/anxiety

34
Q

Sleep apnea

A

person stops breathing for brief periods while asleep

35
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking

36
Q

5 major characteristics that distinguish dreaming from waking consciousness

A

1: intense emotion
2: illogical thought
3: meaningful sensation
4: uncritical acceptance
5: difficulty remembering

37
Q

Night/sleep terrors

A

Abrupt awakenings w/ panic and intense emotional arousal

38
Q

Effects of Sleep deprivation

A

Fatigue, impairment (concentration/creativity/communication)

can lead to: obesity, hypertension, suppressed immune system, irritability, slow performance

REM sleep deprivation: most detrimental

39
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation

A

Increases cortisol levels -> impair neurons involved in learning/memory

40
Q

Reasons why we sleep

A

Protective role in evolution
brain restoration/repair of damaged neurons
memory storage/rebuilding/consolidation
encourages growth through secretion of growth hormone

41
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sudden sleep attacks occur in the middle of waking activities

42
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

Chemical that influences consciousness or behaviour by altering the brain’s chemical message system

43
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Tendency for larger doses of a drug to be quoted over time to achieve the same effect

44
Q

Drug withdrawal symptoms

A

Physical/psychological dependence on the drug

45
Q

Stimulants

A

Substances that excite the central nervous system e.g Amphetamines, nicotine, cocaine

Increase neural firing, blood pressure, HR, alertness, boost mood, heighten irritability, arouses nervous system

46
Q

Depressants

A

Substance that reduce the activity of the central nervous system e.g. Alcohol

Relaxation, lowered inhibition, induce sleep, depress reflexes, impair motor functioning, reduce activity of CNS, prescribed to treat anxiety/sleep problems

47
Q

Narcotics/Opiates

A

Highly addictive drugs derived from opium, relieves pain

mood changes (intense euphoria), binds to and stimulates receptors normally activated by endorphins (pain relief)

48
Q

Expectancy theory

A

alcohol effects can be pronounced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations

placebo effect

49
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Drugs that alter sensation and perception
Causes visual and auditory hallucinations

e.g. LSD

50
Q

Alcohol myopia

A

Condition that results when alcohol hampers attention

leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

51
Q

Cocaine’s effect on the brain

A

Blocks re-absorption of dopamine and norepinephrine -> results in over-stimulation of brain circuits to produce euphoric “high”’-> later depletion of dopamine “crash”

52
Q

Blood alcohol levels and behavioural effects

A
  1. 05%: lowered alertness/impaired judgement
  2. 20%: obvious intoxication
  3. 25%: staggering, impaired sensory perceptions
  4. 35%: surgical anesthesia, minimal level causing death
  5. 40%: half of those at this level will die
53
Q

Balanced placebo design

A

Study design, behaviour is observed following the presence/absence of an actual stimulus and also following the presence/absence of a placebo stimulus

54
Q

Who drinks? (Statistics)

A

72% aged 15 and over Canadians said they had a drink in last year
7.9 mil are heavy drinkers
2008: $19.4 billion on alcohol
Alcohol is a solvent

55
Q

mind-body problem

A

issue of how the mind is related to the body

with theories like phrenology, dualism, etc

56
Q

5 characteristics of Dream Conciousness

A
  1. Feel emotion
  2. Dream thought is illogical
  3. Sensation fully formed and meaningful
  4. Uncritical acceptance (images and events seem normal)
  5. Difficulty remembering dream after it’s over
57
Q

Manifest content (of a dream)

A

A dream’s apparent topic or superficial meaning

58
Q

Latent content (of a dream)

A

Dreams true underlying meaning

59
Q

Activation-synthesis model

A

Dreams are produced when the brain attempts to make sense of random neural activity that occur during sleep

60
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemicals that influence consciousness or behaviour by ALTERING THE BRAIN’S CHEMICAL MESSAGE SYSTEM

61
Q

Harm reduction approach

A

Response to high risk behaviours by focusing on reducing the harm these behaviour have on ppl’s lives

62
Q

Hypnotic amnesia and hypnotic analgesia

A

Amnesia: unable to retrieve memories after being hypnotized to forget

Analgesia: reduction of pain thru hypnosis in people susceptible to hypnosis

PSYC100 (7 decks)

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